ArticleEnvironment international2018
Associations between maternal phenol and paraben urinary biomarkers and maternal hormones during pregnancy: A repeated measures study.
Article in Environment international, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 151 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal exposure to specific endocrine-disrupting chemicals and gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Human Exposure to Bisphenols, Parabens, and Benzophenones, and Its Relationship with the Inflammatory Response: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The Influence of Triclosan on the Thyroid Hormone System in Humans - A Systematic Review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review.International journal of dermatology · 2020Pooled it
- Associations of Prenatal Exposure to Triclosan and Maternal Thyroid Hormone Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Pooled it
- Investigating social appearance anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and body image and the use of personal care and cosmetic products during pregnancy.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Bisphenol S and female reproductive toxicity: a scoping review of human studies.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- The Thyroid Under Pressure: Heavy Metals, Endocrine Disruptors and Translational Insights into Carcinogenesis and Thyroid Dysfunctions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Occupational Exposure to Resorcinol and Thyroid-Disrupting Effects: Protocol for an Exploratory Field Study in French Hairdressers.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Use of hair straighteners and chemical relaxers and incidence of non-reproductive cancers.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Maternal Thyroid Function during Pregnancy in a Cohort with High Familial Likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Review
- Endocrine and Reproductive Health Considerations of Sunscreen UV Filters: Insights from a Comprehensive Review 2014-2024.Current environmental health reports · 2025Review
- Examining the association between gestational phenol exposure and infant non-nutritive suck in two Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes cohorts.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- Transfersome-Based Delivery of Optimized Black Tea Extract for the Prevention of UVB-Induced Skin Damage.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Exposure profiles to Benzophenones and their impacts on thyroid hormones in pregnant women.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
- The utility of silicone wristbands in characterizing exposure to parabens found in commercial lotions.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- Impact of endocrine disrupting chemical exposure on thyroid disruption and oxidative stress in early pregnancy.Environmental analysis, health and toxicology · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic status in the association between use of personal care products and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals in pregnant Taiwanese women.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Associations of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites and their mixture with thyroid hormone concentration during pregnancy in the LIFECODES cohort: A repeated measures study.Environmental research · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA number of phenols and parabens are added to consumer products for a variety of functions, and have been found at detectable levels in the majority of the U.S. POPULATION: Among other functions, thyroid hormones are essential in fetal neurodevelopment, and could be impacted by the endocrine disrupting effects of phenols and parabens. The present study investigated the association between ten maternal urinary phenol and paraben biomarkers (bisphenol S, triclosan, triclocarban, benzophenone-3, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,5-dichlorophenol, and ethyl, butyl, methyl and propyl paraben) and four plasma thyroid hormones in 439 pregnant women in a case-control sample nested within a cohort study based in Boston, MA.
methodsUrine and blood samples were collected from up to four visits during pregnancy (median weeks of gestation at each visit: Visit 1: 9.64, Visit 2: 17.9, Visit 3: 26.0, Visit 4: 35.1). Linear mixed models were constructed to take into account the repeated measures jointly, followed by multivariate linear regression models stratified by gestational age to explore potential windows of susceptibility.
resultsWe observed decreased total triiodothyronine (T3) in relation to an IQR increase in benzophenone-3 (percent change [%Δ] = -2.07; 95% confidence interval [CI] = -4.16, 0.01), butyl paraben (%Δ = -2.76; 95% CI = -5.25, -0.26) and triclosan (%Δ = -2.53; 95% CI = -4.75, -0.30), and triclocarban at levels above the LOD (%Δ = -5.71; 95% CI = -10.45, -0.97). A 2.41% increase in T3 was associated with an IQR increase in methyl paraben (95% CI = 0.58, 4.24). We also detected a negative association between free thyroxine (FT4) and propyl paraben (%Δ = -3.14; 95% CI = -6.12, -0.06), and a suggestive positive association between total thyroxine (T4) and methyl paraben (%Δ = 1.19; 95% CI = -0.10, 2.47). Gestational age-specific multivariate regression analyses showed that the magnitude and direction of some of the observed associations were dependent on the timing of exposure.
conclusionCertain phenols and parabens were associated with altered thyroid hormone levels during pregnancy, and the timing of exposure influenced the association between phenol and paraben, and hormone concentrations. These changes may contribute to downstream maternal and fetal health outcomes. Additional research is required to replicate the associations, and determine the potential biological mechanisms underlying the observed associations.
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