Observational studyBMJ open2018
Timing of probiotic milk consumption during pregnancy and effects on the incidence of preeclampsia and preterm delivery: a prospective observational cohort study in Norway.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Influences of Oral Probiotics on the Immunometabolic Response During Pregnancy and Lactation: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- The effect of probiotics on gestational diabetes mellitus: an umbrella meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2024Pooled it
- Oral Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Exposure During Pregnancy and Effects on Maternal Inflammatory Response-A Blinded, Pilot Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2025Trial
- The Effect of Probiotics on Health in Pregnancy and Infants: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Nutrients · 2025Trial
- The effects of synbiotic supplementation on blood pressure and other maternal outcomes in pregnant mothers with mild preeclampsia: a triple-blinded randomized controlled trial.BMC women's health · 2024Trial
- Probiotics as a treatment for prenatal maternal anxiety and depression: a double-blind randomized pilot trial.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- The role of probiotics in improving menstrual health in women with primary dysmenorrhoea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the PERIOD study).Women's health (London, England)Trial
- Effect of Probiotics on the Gut-Mammary Pathway: Implications on Infant Microbiota Transfer and Development.Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Susceptibility of the Placenta and Fetal Brain to Maternal Probiotic Supplementation.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of gut microbiome alterations in early- and late-onset preeclampsia: A case control study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Effects of prenatal bifidobacterium supplementation on the gut microbiome in preterm infants of preeclamptic mothers.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- The gut-placenta axis in preeclampsia: unraveling the regulatory network and clinical prospects in pathogenesis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Unraveling the role of the gut microbiome in pregnancy disorders: insights and implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Prevention of Recurrent Spontaneous Preterm Delivery Using Probiotics (Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium, and Bacillus subtilis; PPP Trial): Protocol for a Prospective, Single-Arm, Nonblinded, Multicenter Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Should Pregnant Women Consume Probiotics to Combat Endocrine-Disrupting Chemical-Induced Health Risks to Their Unborn Offspring?Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Paradoxes: Cholesterol and Hypoxia in Preeclampsia.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Article
- An altered gut microbiome in pre-eclampsia: cause or consequence.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Shaping Microbiota During the First 1000 Days of Life.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Probiotic Supplementation in Fetal Growth Restriction-A Comprehensive Review of Human and Animal Studies.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo investigate whether the timing of probiotic milk intake before, during early or late pregnancy influences associations with preeclampsia and preterm delivery.
designPopulation based prospective cohort study.
settingNorway, between 1999 and 2008.
participants70 149 singleton pregnancies resulting in live-born babies from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (no chronic disease, answered questionnaires, no placenta previa/cerclage/serious malformation of fetus, first enrolment pregnancy). Only nulliparous women (n=37 050) were included in the preeclampsia analysis. Both iatrogenic and spontaneous preterm delivery (between gestational weeks 22+0 and 36+6) with spontaneous term controls (between gestational weeks 39+0 and 40+6) were included in the preterm delivery analysis resulting in 34 458 cases.
main outcome measuresAdjusted OR for preeclampsia and preterm delivery according to consumption of probiotic milk at three different time periods (before pregnancy, during early and late pregnancy).
resultsProbiotic milk intake in late pregnancy (but not before or in early pregnancy) was significantly associated with lower preeclampsia risk (adjusted OR: 0.80 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.94) p-value: 0.007). Probiotic intake during early (but not before or during late pregnancy) was significantly associated with lower risk of preterm delivery (adjusted OR: 0.79 (0.64 to 0.97) p-value: 0.03).
conclusionsIn this observational study, we found an association between timing of probiotic milk consumption during pregnancy and the incidence of the adverse pregnancy outcomes preeclampsia and preterm delivery. If future randomised controlled trials could establish a causal association between probiotics consumption and reduced risk of preeclampsia and preterm delivery, recommending probiotics would be a promising public health measure to reduce these adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Registered trials
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