Observational studyClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2018
Attributable Healthcare Resource Utilization and Costs for Patients With Primary and Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection in the United States.
Observational study in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiologic profile of community-acquiredEpidemiology and infection · 2025Pooled it
- Economic Impact of Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in the USA: A Systematic Literature Review and Cost Synthesis.Advances in therapy · 2023Pooled it
- A Laboratory Medicine Best Practices Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs) and Algorithms Including NAATs for the Diagnosis ofClinical microbiology reviews · 2019Pooled it
- CLOVER (CLOstridium difficile Vaccine Efficacy tRial) Study: A Phase 3, Randomized Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of a Detoxified Toxin A/B Vaccine in Adults 50 Years and Older at Increased Risk of Clostridioides difficile Infection.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 3 Safety and Efficacy Study of Ridinilazole Versus Vancomycin for Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection: Clinical Outcomes With Microbiome and Metabolome Correlates of Response.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Trial
- Risk Factors forThe Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology · 2026Article
- Clinical and Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of Fidaxomicin in patients over 65 years of age and immunocompromised patients with recurrent and refractory Clostridioides difficile infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Unravelling three-way interactions betweenJournal of medical microbiology · 2025Review
- MicroRNA miR-27a-5p Reduces Intestinal Inflammation Induced by Clostridioides difficile Flagella by Regulating the Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling Pathway.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Costs and Outcomes of Clostridioides difficile Infections in Germany: A Retrospective Health Claims Data Analysis.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Patient Satisfaction Scale Following a Laxative for Antibiotic Washout Prior to Oral Microbiome Therapy.Advances in therapy · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Assessment of Guideline Adherence and Treatment Outcomes FromOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Best Practices in the Management ofTropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Review
- Phenylthiazoles with potent & optimum selectivity towardRSC medicinal chemistry · 2024Article
- Characteristics of Patients With InitialOpen forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Incidence, healthcare and out-of-pocket costs, and mortality ofAntimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Environmental approaches to controlling Clostridioides difficile infection in healthcare settings.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2023Review
- Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile: A silent nosocomial pathogen.Saudi medical journal · 2023Review
- Clinical Efficacy of Fidaxomicin and Oral Metronidazole for TreatingAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Healthcare Costs ofOpen forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: The economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), the leading cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea, is not well understood. The objective of this study was to estimate the healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and costs attributable to primary CDI and recurrent CDI (rCDI). Methods: This is a database (MarketScan) study. Patients without CDI were matched 1:1 by propensity score to those with primary CDI but no recurrences to obtain HCRU and costs attributable to primary CDI. Patients with primary CDI but no recurrences were matched 1:1 by propensity score to those with primary CDI plus 1 recurrence in order to obtain HCRU and costs attributable to rCDI. Adjusted estimates for incremental cumulative hospitalized days and healthcare costs over a 6-month follow-up period were obtained by generalized linear models with a Poisson or gamma distribution and a log link. Bootstrapping was used to obtain 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 55504 eligible CDI patients were identified. Approximately 25% of these CDI patients had rCDI. The cumulative hospitalized days attributable to primary CDI and rCDI over the 6-month follow-up period were 5.20 days (95% CI, 5.01-5.39) and 1.95 days (95% CI, 1.48-2.43), respectively. The healthcare costs attributable to primary CDI and rCDI over the 6-month follow-up period were $24205 (95% CI, $23436-$25013) and $10580 (95% CI, $8849-$12446), respectively. Conclusions: The HCRU and costs attributable to primary CDI and rCDI are quite substantial. It is necessary to reduce the burden of CDI, especially rCDI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.