ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2018
1918 pandemic morbidity: The first wave hits the poor, the second wave hits the rich.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Black Death to COVID-19: Lessons Learned from the Past Pandemics.Le infezioni in medicina · 2025Article
- Beyond COVID: towards a transdisciplinary synthesis for understanding responses and developing pandemic preparedness in Alaska.International journal of circumpolar health · 2024Review
- An extended period of elevated influenza mortality risk follows the main waves of influenza pandemics.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Health disparities in past influenza pandemics: A scoping review of the literature.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Race, employment, and the pandemic: An exploration of covariate explanations of COVID-19 case fatality rate variance.PloS one · 2023Article
- Racial Disparities in Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic in United States Cities.Demography · 2022Article
- Intolerance of Uncertainty and Health-Related Anxiety in Youth amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Understanding and Weathering the Continuing Storm.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2022Review
- The correlation between socioeconomic factors and COVID-19 among immigrants in Norway: a register-based study.Scandinavian journal of public health · 2022Article
- Epidemics, pandemics, and social conflict: Lessons from the past and possible scenarios for COVID-19.World development · 2021Article
- In-Hospital 30-Day Survival Among Young Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Income-related health inequality among Chinese adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence based on an online survey.International journal for equity in health · 2021Article
- Health inequities in influenza transmission and surveillance.PLoS computational biology · 2021Article
- How Internet of Things responds to the COVID-19 pandemic.PeerJ. Computer science · 2021Article
- Social determinants of mortality from COVID-19: A simulation study using NHANES.PLoS medicine · 2021Article
- Disease, downturns, and wellbeing: Economic history and the long-run impacts of COVID-19.Explorations in economic history · 2021Review
- Outcomes in Hispanics With COVID-19 Are Similar to Those of Caucasian Patients in Suburban New York.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2020Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities and COVID-19 - A review of the current international literature.Journal of health monitoring · 2020Article
- The socio-economic distribution of exposure to Ebola: Survey evidence from Liberia and Sierra Leone.SSM - population health · 2020Article
- Race and 1918 Influenza Pandemic in the United States: A Review of the Literature.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Review
- Natality Decline and Spatial Variation in Excess Death Rates During the 1918-1920 Influenza Pandemic in Arizona, United States.American journal of epidemiology · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhether morbidity from the 1918-19 influenza pandemic discriminated by socioeconomic status has remained a subject of debate for 100 years. In lack of data to study this issue, the recent literature has hypothesized that morbidity was "socially neutral."
objectivesTo study the associations between influenza-like illness (ILI) and socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and wave during the 1918-19 influenza pandemic.
methodsAvailability of incidence data on the 1918-19 pandemic is scarce, in particular for waves other than the "fall wave" October-December 1918. Here, an overlooked survey from Bergen, Norway (n = 10 633), is used to study differences in probabilities of ILI and ILI probability ratios by apartment size as a measure of SES and gender for 3 waves including the waves prior to and after the "fall wave."
resultsSocioeconomic status was negatively associated with ILI in the first wave, but positively associated in the second wave. At all SES levels, men had the highest ILI in the summer, while women had the highest ILI in the fall. There were no SES or gender differences in ILI in the winter of 1919.
conclusionsFor the first time, it is documented a crossover in the role of socioeconomic status in 1918 pandemic morbidity. The poor came down with influenza first, while the rich with less exposure in the first wave had the highest morbidity in the second wave. The study suggests that the socioeconomically disadvantaged should be prioritized if vaccines are of limited availability in a future pandemic.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.