Observational studyMaternal & child nutrition2018
Measuring exclusive breastfeeding social support: Scale development and validation in Uganda.
Observational study in Maternal & child nutrition, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02925429 (The PostNAPS Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The PostNAPS Study: Food Insecurity As A Major Determinant of Poor Nutritional and Psychosocial Health Outcomes Among HIV-Infected and -Uninfected Lactating Women and Their Infants in Gulu, Northern Uganda.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychometrics of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale and short form: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the exclusive breastfeeding social support scale: a cross-sectional study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Validating the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Reporting in a low literacy adolescent population in Burkina Faso.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Measuring the intangible resources caregivers need to provide nurturing care during the complementary feeding period: a scoping review in low- and lower-middle-income countries.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Examining psychometric properties of the Iranian version of exclusive breastfeeding social support scale (EBFSS).BMC psychology · 2023Article
- Article
- A correlational study of breastfeeding duration among Saudi mothers: The role of self-efficacy, intention, and social support.Belitung nursing journal · 2023Article
- Pathways linking social support, self-efficacy, and exclusive breastfeeding among women in northern Uganda.Global public health · 2022Article
- Impact of personal and environmental factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding practices in the first six months during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand: a mixed-methods approach.International breastfeeding journal · 2022Article
- Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Exclusive Breastfeeding Intention, In Pregnant Nulliparous Women. A Cross-Sectional Study.Investigacion y educacion en enfermeria · 2022Article
- Article
- Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Behavioral Interventions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries to Increase Family Support for Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition during the First 1000 Days.Current developments in nutrition · 2020Review
- Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale to assess exclusive breastfeeding.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2019Article
- Measuring exclusive breastfeeding social support: Scale development and validation in Uganda.Maternal & child nutrition · 2018Observational
- Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer.Frontiers in public health · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months and continued breastfeeding for at least 2 years. Social support has been widely recognized to influence breastfeeding practices. However, existing scales do not measure exclusive breastfeeding social support (EBFSS), rather they assess social support for any breastfeeding. Further, they are tailored towards high-income settings. Therefore, our objectives were to develop and validate a tool to measure EBFSS in low-income settings. To develop the scale, local and international breastfeeding experts were consulted on modifications to the Hughes' Breastfeeding Social Support Scale. It was then implemented in an observational cohort in Gulu, Uganda, at 1 (n = 238) and 3 (n = 237) months post-partum (NCT02925429). We performed polychoric and polyserial correlations to remove redundant items and exploratory factor analysis at 1 month post-partum to determine the latent factor structure of EBFSS. We further applied confirmatory factor analysis to assess dimensionality of the scale at 3 months post-partum. We then conducted tests of predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity against EBF, self-efficacy, general social support, and depression. The modification of the Hughes' scale resulted in 18 items, which were reduced to 16 after examining variances and factor loadings. Three dimensions of support emerged: Instrumental, Emotional, and Informational, with alpha coefficients of 0.79, 0.85, and 0.83, respectively. Predictive, convergent, and discriminant validity of the resultant EBFSS scale was supported. The EBFSS scale is valid and reliable for measuring EBFSS in northern Uganda and may be of use in other low-income settings to assess determinants of EBF.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.