ArticleFrontiers in medicine2017
Immunological Tolerance, Pregnancy, and Preeclampsia: The Roles of Semen Microbes and the Father.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 68 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Paternal Fish Oil Diet Preconception Modulates the Gut Microbiome and Attenuates Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Neonatal Mice.Marine drugs · 2022Trial
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- A Direct Relationship Between 'Blood Stasis' and Fibrinaloid Microclots in Chronic, Inflammatory, and Vascular Diseases, and Some Traditional Natural Products Approaches to Treatment.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Sharing the motherload: A review and development of the CO-Parent conceptual model for early childhood obesity prevention.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025Review
- Fibrinaloid Microclots and Atrial Fibrillation.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- The Impact of Periodontal Disease on Preterm Birth and Preeclampsia.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Review
- Relationship between the concentration of ergothioneine in plasma and the likelihood of developing pre-eclampsia.Bioscience reports · 2023Article
- Developmental origins of health and disease: Impact of paternal nutrition and lifestyle.Pediatric investigation · 2023Review
- Placental Mitochondrial Function and Dysfunction in Preeclampsia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The potential role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications.The Biochemical journal · 2022Review
- A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications.The Biochemical journal · 2022Review
- Paternal nutritional programming of lipid metabolism is propagated through sperm and seminal plasma.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2022Article
- Reconsideration of the Role of Regulatory T Cells during Pregnancy: Differential Characteristics of Regulatory T Cells between the Maternal-Fetal Interface and Peripheral Sites and between Early and Late Pregnancy.Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre · 2022Review
- Differences in epidemiology of patients with preeclampsia between China and the US (Review).Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2021Review
- Review
- Thin endometrium is associated with the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in fresh IVF/ICSI embryo transfer cycles: a retrospective cohort study of 9,266 singleton births.Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E · 2021Article
- Iron Dysregulation and Inflammagens Related to Oral and Gut Health Are Central to the Development of Parkinson's Disease.Biomolecules · 2020Review
- The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical.Nutrition research reviews · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although it is widely considered, in many cases, to involve two separable stages (poor placentation followed by oxidative stress/inflammation), the precise originating causes of preeclampsia (PE) remain elusive. We have previously brought together some of the considerable evidence that a (dormant) microbial component is commonly a significant part of its etiology. However, apart from recognizing, consistent with this view, that the many inflammatory markers of PE are also increased in infection, we had little to say about immunity, whether innate or adaptive. In addition, we focused on the gut, oral and female urinary tract microbiomes as the main sources of the infection. We here marshall further evidence for an infectious component in PE, focusing on the immunological tolerance characteristic of pregnancy, and the well-established fact that increased exposure to the father's semen assists this immunological tolerance. As well as these benefits, however, semen is not sterile, microbial tolerance mechanisms may exist, and we also review the evidence that semen may be responsible for inoculating the developing conceptus (and maybe the placenta) with microbes, not all of which are benign. It is suggested that when they are not, this may be a significant cause of PE. A variety of epidemiological and other evidence is entirely consistent with this, not least correlations between semen infection, infertility and PE. Our view also leads to a series of other, testable predictions. Overall, we argue for a significant paternal role in the development of PE through microbial infection of the mother
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