ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2017
Watch Out for the "Living Dead": Cell-Free Enzymes and Their Fate.
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multifunctionally diverse alkaline phosphatases of Alteromonas drive the phosphorus cycle in the ocean.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Taxonomically distinct diatom viruses differentially impact microbial processing of organic matter.Science advances · 2025Article
- Ayu: a machine intelligence tool for identification of extracellular proteins in the marine secretome.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Microbial remineralization processes during postspring-bloom with excess phosphate available in the northern Baltic Sea.FEMS microbiology ecology · 2024Article
- Reactive transport modeling of organic carbon degradation in marine methane hydrate systems.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Release of cell-free enzymes by marine pelagic fungal strains.Frontiers in fungal biology · 2023Article
- Article
- Linking lifestyle and foraging strategies of marine bacteria: selfish behaviour of particle-attached bacteria in the northern Adriatic Sea.Environmental microbiology reports · 2022Article
- Metaexoproteomics Reveals Microbial Behavior in the Ocean's Interior.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
- Potential Activities and Long Lifetimes of Organic Carbon-Degrading Extracellular Enzymes in Deep Subsurface Sediments of the Baltic Sea.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Linking extracellular enzymes to phylogeny indicates a predominantly particle-associated lifestyle of deep-sea prokaryotes.Science advances · 2020Article
- Metabolic and biogeochemical consequences of viral infection in aquatic ecosystems.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2020Review
- Grand Challenges in Microbe-Driven Marine Carbon Cycling Research.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Labile Dissolved Organic Matter Compound Characteristics Select for Divergence in Marine Bacterial Activity and Transcription.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- Article
- Bacterial Stress and Mortality may be a Source of Cell-free Enzymatic Activity in the Marine Environment.Microbes and environments · 2019Article
- Extracellular Enzyme Activity and Its Implications for Organic Matter Cycling in Northern Chinese Marginal Seas.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
- Secretion of DNases by Marine Bacteria: A Culture Based and Bioinformatics Approach.Frontiers in microbiology · 2019Article
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1 author.
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Abstract
Microbes are the engines driving biogeochemical cycles. Microbial extracellular enzymatic activities (EEAs) are the "gatekeepers" of the carbon cycle. The total EEA is the sum of cell-bound (i.e., cell-attached), and dissolved (i.e., cell-free) enzyme activities. Cell-free enzymes make up a substantial proportion (up to 100%) of the total marine EEA. Although we are learning more about how microbial diversity and function (including total EEA) will be affected by environmental changes, little is known about what factors control the importance of the abundant cell-free enzymes. Since cell-attached EEAs are linked to the cell, their fate will likely be linked to the factors controlling the cell's fate. In contrast, cell-free enzymes belong to a kind of "living dead" realm because they are not attached to a living cell but still are able to perform their function away from the cell; and as such, the factors controlling their activity and fate might differ from those affecting cell-attached enzymes. This article aims to place cell-free EEA into the wider context of hydrolysis of organic matter, deal with recent studies assessing what controls the production, activity and lifetime of cell-free EEA, and what their fate might be in response to environmental stressors. This perspective article advocates the need to go "beyond the living things," studying the response of cells/organisms to different stressors, but also to study cell-free enzymes, in order to fully constrain the future and evolution of marine biogeochemical cycles.
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