ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2018
Brief Report: Lead Levels in Selected Electronic Cigarettes from Canada and the United States.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Metal/Metalloid Levels in Electronic Cigarette Liquids, Aerosols, and Human Biosamples: A Systematic Review.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Pooled it
- Narrative Review of Novel Nicotine-Delivery Systems and Emerging Pharmaceuticals for Tobacco Cessation.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Detection of Metal-Containing Particles in FDA-Authorized and New Disposable Electronic Cigarette Aerosols.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Quantification of 16 Metals in Fluids and Aerosols From Ultrasonic Pod-Style Cigarettes and Comparison to Electronic Cigarettes.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Electronic Cigarette-Derived Metals: Exposure and Health Risks in Vapers.Chemical research in toxicology · 2025Review
- Quantification of Size-Binned Particulate Matter in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols Using Multi-Spectral Optical Sensing and Machine Learning.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Photometric Monitoring of Electronic Cigarette Puff Topography.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Exposure to metals among Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) users in the PATH study: A longitudinal analysis.Environmental research · 2023Article
- Transfer of Metals to the Aerosol Generated by an Electronic Cigarette: Influence of Number of Puffs and Power.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Toxic Metals in Liquid and Aerosol from Pod-Type Electronic Cigarettes.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2022Article
- Article
- Design features and elemental/metal analysis of the atomizers in pod-style electronic cigarettes.PloS one · 2021Article
- Analytical methods for the identification of micro/nano metals in e-cigarette emission samples: a review.Chemicke zvesti · 2021Review
- Sub-ohm vaping increases the levels of carbonyls, is cytotoxic, and alters gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells exposed at the air-liquid interface.Respiratory research · 2020Article
- Cigalike electronic nicotine delivery systems e-liquids contain variable levels of metals.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Method Validation Approaches for Analysis of Constituents in ENDS.Tobacco regulatory science · 2020Article
- Metal Concentration Assessment in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers Who Switched to Electronic Cigarettes: A Pilot Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Smoke-Free Spaces by Smokers: Results from the 2014-2015 Population Assessment on Tobacco and Health Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Analysis of Toxic Metals in Liquid from Electronic Cigarettes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Few published studies have investigated the presence of lead in the e-liquid of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Lead inhalation is associated with increased risk of stroke, heart disease, and other diseases. This study used a novel application of graphite furnace technology to compare the concentration of lead between e-liquids of different packaging and product designs using e-liquids that are or were commercially available in the United States and Canada. Eleven nicotine-free disposable ENDS devices and 12 bottled refill solutions that contained nicotine were purchased from retailers in Canada and the United States between 2015 and 2017. E-liquids extracted from the disposable products and individual containers were analyzed for lead content by graphite furnace using atomic absorption detection. The lead concentration of open-wick ENDS devices ranged from 25.2 ppb to 838.4 ppb, with a standard deviation of 187.4 ppb. None of the bottled e-liquids contained quantifiable levels of lead. This study found that quantifiable levels of lead are present in certain disposable e-cigarette devices, and there is evidence from this study that the design of ENDS devices may contribute to lead exposure. These findings suggest that lead testing should be incorporated into future chemical analyses of ENDS devices.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.