ArticleSSM - population health2016
Intraclass correlation values for adolescent health outcomes in secondary schools in 21 European countries.
Article in SSM - population health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Community-based interventions for improving mental health in refugee children and adolescents in high-income countries.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Characteristics and practices of school-based cluster randomised controlled trials for improving health outcomes in pupils in the United Kingdom: a methodological systematic review.BMC medical research methodology · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of the Population Medicine Multimorbidity Intervention in Xishui County (POPMIX) on People at High Risk for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Who Experience Mental Health Symptoms: Protocol for the POPMIX-MH Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Trial
- Efficacy of an educational website on headaches in schoolchildren: A cluster-randomized controlled trial.Headache · 2025Trial
- A Hybrid Pragmatic and Factorial Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial for an Anti-racist, Multilevel Intervention to Improve Mental Health Equity in High Schools.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2024Trial
- The Role of Schools in Early Adolescents' Mental Health: Findings From the MYRIAD Study.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2021Trial
- The Role of Resilience in Relation to Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Syrian Refugee Adolescents in Türkiye.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Exploring Patterns and Associated Factors of Physical Inactivity in Adolescents: A Cross‑Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Development of a school program for vaping and smoking prevention and protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial in fifth grade students.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Annual Research Review: Improving school climate to improve child and adolescent mental health and reduce inequalities.Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines · 2026Review
- Changes in self-rated health and its association with social determinants - repeated cross-sectional surveys among Finnish adolescents from 1981 to 2025.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Patterns of intra-cluster correlation coefficients in school-based cluster randomised controlled trials of interventions for improving social-emotional functioning outcomes in pupils: a secondary data analysis of five UK-based studies.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Individual and School Environment Predictors of Mental Health and Wellbeing Across the Primary-to-Secondary School Transition.School mental health · 2025Article
- Associations of Perceived School and Year Group Climate with Mental Health Among Children Aged 7-to-11 Years.Child indicators research · 2025Article
- Effectiveness of a cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)-based intervention for reducing anxiety among adolescents in the Colombo District, Sri Lanka: cluster randomized controlled trial.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Article
- School-level intra-cluster correlation coefficients and autocorrelations for children's accelerometer-measured physical activity in England by age and gender.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- Early substance use and the school environment: A multilevel latent class analysis.Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent · 2024Article
- Article
- A school-based program to prevent depressive symptoms and strengthen well-being among pre-vocational students (Happy Lessons): protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial and implementation study.BMC public health · 2022Article
- Associations between gaming disorder, parent-child relationship, parental supervision, and discipline styles: Findings from a school-based survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Vietnam.Journal of behavioral addictions · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCluster randomised controlled trials (CRCTs) are increasingly used to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for improving health. A key feature of CRCTs is that individuals in clusters are often more alike than individuals in different clusters, irrespective of treatment. This similarity within clusters needs to be taken into account when planning CRCTs to obtain adequate sample sizes, and when analysing clustered data to obtain correct estimates.
methodsNationally representative data from 15 to 16 year olds were analysed, from 21 of the 35 countries that participated in the 2007 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs. Within country school level intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for substance use (self-reported alcohol use, regular alcohol use, binge drinking, any smoking, regular smoking, and illicit drug use) and psychosocial health (depressive mood and self-esteem). Unadjusted and adjusted ICCs are presented. ICCs are adjusted for student sex and socioeconomic status.
resultsICCs ranged from 0.01 to 0.21, with the highest (0.21) reported for regular smoking. Within country school level ICCs varied substantially across health outcomes, and among countries for the same health outcomes. Estimated ICCs were consistently higher for substance use (range 0.01-0.21), than for psychosocial health (range 0.01-0.07). Within country ICCs for health outcomes varied by changes in the measurement of particular health outcomes, for example the ICCs for regular smoking (range 0.06-0.21) were higher than those for having smoked at all in the last month (range 0.03-0.17).
conclusionsFor school level ICCs to be effectively utilised in informing sample size requirements for CRCTs and adjusting estimates from meta-analyses, the school level ICCs need to be both country and outcome specific.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.