ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2018
Infectious virus in exhaled breath of symptomatic seasonal influenza cases from a college community.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01769430 (Evaluating Modes of Influenza Transmission Work Package 1), which is not on this map. Cited by 283 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluating Modes of Influenza Transmission Work Package 1: Observational Study of Community Acquired Influenza
Who cites it
283 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Host factors associated with respiratory particle emission and virus presence within respiratory particles: a systematic review.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Pediatric endocrinopathies related to COVID-19: an update.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2023Pooled it
- Psychological impact on healthcare workers, general population and affected individuals of SARS and COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 and Obesity: "CoVesity"-a Pandemic Within a Pandemic.Obesity surgery · 2021Pooled it
- Reducing Aerosol-Related Risk of Transmission in the Era of COVID-19: An Interim Guidance Endorsed by the International Society of Aerosols in Medicine.Journal of aerosol medicine and pulmonary drug delivery · 2020Guideline
- Obesity in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2020Pooled it
- Astodrimer sodium antiviral nasal spray for reducing respiratory infections is safe and well tolerated in a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2022Trial
- Global status, bias risks, and ecological integration of wild bat and rodent virome research.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Bacterial alteration of redox stressors impacts environmental stability of influenza A virus.mSphere · 2026Article
- Climatic Influence on COVID-19: Investigating the Role of Temperature and Humidity in the Spread of the Omicron Variant.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Loss of Infectivity of Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV‑2 during Aerosol Sampling.Environmental science & technology letters · 2026Article
- Pathogenicity and transmissibility of Mpox virus in African dormice.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Evaluating modes of influenza transmission (EMIT-2): Insights from lack of transmission in a controlled transmission trial with naturally infected donors.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Assessing the generation and dispersal of respiratory particles using upper respiratory commensal bacteria as index organisms for respiratory pathogens.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on air purifier filters in university spaces without symptomatic or confirmed cases.Aerosol science and technology : the journal of the American Association for Aerosol Research · 2025Article
- Evaluating Modes of Influenza Transmission (EMIT-2): Insights from a Controlled Human Influenza Virus Infection Transmission Trial (CHIVITT).medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Biological Sex Differences after High and Low Doses of Influenza A Virus Infection in a Diet-induced Obesity Mouse Model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Controlled human influenza infection reveals heterogeneous expulsion of infectious virus into air.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Influenza-Associated Benign Acute Childhood Myositis During the 2024-2025 Season: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
223 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Little is known about the amount and infectiousness of influenza virus shed into exhaled breath. This contributes to uncertainty about the importance of airborne influenza transmission. We screened 355 symptomatic volunteers with acute respiratory illness and report 142 cases with confirmed influenza infection who provided 218 paired nasopharyngeal (NP) and 30-minute breath samples (coarse >5-µm and fine ≤5-µm fractions) on days 1-3 after symptom onset. We assessed viral RNA copy number for all samples and cultured NP swabs and fine aerosols. We recovered infectious virus from 52 (39%) of the fine aerosols and 150 (89%) of the NP swabs with valid cultures. The geometric mean RNA copy numbers were 3.8 × 10
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.