ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Institute2018
Smoking, Sex, and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Steroid Hormone Receptors in Tumor Tissue (S0424).
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Prognostic factors and survival prediction for patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: A population-based study.Medicine · 2022Trial
- Integrated network toxicology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation reveals mechanisms of benzo[a]pyrene-induced pan-cancer.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2026Article
- Sex, hormones, and lung health.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Relationships among immune cells, metabolites, and non-small cell lung cancer: a mediation Mendelian randomization study.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Burden of respiratory tract cancers in China and its provinces, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Metabolomics for early-stage lung adenocarcinoma: diagnostic biomarker screening.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Lung cancer in females-sex-based differences from males in epidemiology, biology, and outcomes: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2024Review
- Impact of Gut Dysbiosis on the Risk of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The association between different hormone replacement therapy use and the incidence of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2022Article
- Menstrual factors, reproductive history, and risk of lung cancer: a multi-center population-based cohort study in Chinese females.Translational lung cancer research · 2021Article
- Pregnancy-associated lung cancer: a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma.Journal of thoracic disease · 2021Article
- Upregulation of estrogen receptor beta protein but not mRNA predicts poor prognosis and may be associated with enhanced translation in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of thoracic disease · 2021Article
- Age at first birth and lung cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.Translational lung cancer research · 2021Article
- miR-224-5p-enriched exosomes promote tumorigenesis by directly targeting androgen receptor in non-small cell lung cancer.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2021Article
- The relationship between body-mass index and overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer by sex, smoking status, and race: A pooled analysis of 20,937 International lung Cancer consortium (ILCCO) patients.Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Article
- Prognostic factors for survival in patients with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: An analysis of the SEER database.Thoracic cancer · 2020Article
- CLPTM1L induces estrogen receptor β signaling-mediated radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer cells.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2020Article
- Serial endometrial thickness and risk of non-endometrial hormone-dependent cancers in postmenopausal women in UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening.Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2020Article
- Estimation of Hub Genes and Infiltrating Immune Cells in Non-Smoking Females with Lung Adenocarcinoma by Integrated Bioinformatic Analysis.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 13 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: To what extent steroid hormones contribute to lung cancer in male and female never smokers and smokers is unclear. We examined expression of hormone receptors in lung tumors by sex and smoking. Methods: Patients with primary non-small cell lung cancer were recruited into an Intergroup study in the United States and Canada, led by SWOG (S0424). Tumors from 813 cases (450 women and 363 men) were assayed using immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor (ER)-α, ER-β, progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Linear regression was used to examine differences in expression by sex and smoking status. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate survival associated with the receptors. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: In ever smokers, postmenopause and oral contraceptive use were associated with lower nuclear ER-β (P = .02) and total (nuclear + cytoplasmic) PR expression (P = .02), respectively. Women had lower cytoplasmic ER-α (regression coefficient [β], or differences in H-scores = -15.8, P = .003) and nuclear ER-β (β = -12.8, P = .04) expression than men, adjusting for age, race, and smoking. Ever smokers had both higher cytoplasmic ER-α (β = 45.0, P < .001) and ER-β (β = 25.9, P < .001) but lower total PR (β = -42.1, P < .001) than never smokers. Higher cytoplasmic ER-α and ER-β were associated with worse survival (hazard ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15 to 2.58, and HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.08 to 2.33, respectively; quartiles 4 vs 1). Conclusions: Lower expression of nuclear ER-β in women supports the estrogen hypothesis in lung cancer etiology. Increasing cytoplasmic ER-α and ER-β and decreasing PR protein expression may be mechanisms whereby smoking disrupts hormone pathways.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.