ArticleScientific reports2018
Cigarette smoking is associated with an altered vaginal tract metabolomic profile.
Article in Scientific reports, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 62 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
62 citing papers in PubMed, 119 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and Safety of MED-01 Probiotics on Vaginal Health: A 12-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2023Trial
- Sexual practices have a significant impact on the vaginal microbiota of women who have sex with women.Scientific reports · 2019Trial
- Inverse Association Between Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and Prevalence of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Among Women: A Cross-Sectional Study of NHANES 2013-2018.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Shaping the Female Microbiome: A Review of Lifestyle Factors Influencing the Vaginal, Gut, Oral, and Skin Microenvironments.Microbial ecology · 2026Review
- Phage therapy for treatment of bacterial vaginosis.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Association of Smoking and Alcohol Consumption with Female Reproductive Diseases: A Mendelian Randomization Study on the Mediating Role of Circulating Metabolites.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Association of culture-detected vaginal microbiota and body composition parameters with gestational diabetes outcomes.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Observational
- Vaginal microbiome knowledge and hygiene practices among women in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Bacterial vaginosis: an overlooked STI?Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2025Review
- Distinct microbiome profiles on vaginally inserted polypropylene midurethral mesh slings compared to vaginal, urinary, and skin microbiomes.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2025Article
- Vaginal pharmacomicrobiomics modulates risk of persistent and recurrent bacterial vaginosis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2025Review
- Through thick and thin: The vaginal microbiome as both occupant and healer.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- Social, microbial, and immune factors linking bacterial vaginosis and infectious diseases.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Microbiome-Maternal Tract Interactions in Women with Recurrent Implantation Failure.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- An untargeted metabolome-wide association study of maternal perinatal tobacco smoking in newborn blood spots.Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society · 2025Article
- The Urogenital System Microbiota: Is It a New Gamechanger in Urogenital Cancers?Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Multi-omics profiling reveals the role of 4-ethylbenzoic acid in promoting proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Suggested Screening Criteria for Gardnerella vaginalis Based on Established Risk Factors.Cureus · 2024Review
- The Relationship between Smoking and Susceptibility to HIV Infection: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Untangling Associations of Microbiomes of Pregnancy and Preterm Birth.Clinics in perinatology · 2024Review
2 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been associated with both the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and a vaginal microbiota lacking protective Lactobacillus spp. As the mechanism linking smoking with vaginal microbiota and BV is unclear, we sought to compare the vaginal metabolomes of smokers and non-smokers (17 smokers/19 non-smokers). Metabolomic profiles were determined by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in a cross-sectional study. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene populations revealed samples clustered into three community state types (CSTs) ---- CST-I (L. crispatus-dominated), CST-III (L. iners-dominated) or CST-IV (low-Lactobacillus). We identified 607 metabolites, including 12 that differed significantly (q-value < 0.05) between smokers and non-smokers. Nicotine, and the breakdown metabolites cotinine and hydroxycotinine were substantially higher in smokers, as expected. Among women categorized to CST-IV, biogenic amines, including agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, tryptamine and tyramine were substantially higher in smokers, while dipeptides were lower in smokers. These biogenic amines are known to affect the virulence of infective pathogens and contribute to vaginal malodor. Our data suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with differences in important vaginal metabolites, and women who smoke, and particularly women who are also depauperate for Lactobacillus spp., may have increased susceptibilities to urogenital infections and increased malodor.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.