ReviewNature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology2018
Extrahepatic cancers and chronic HCV infection.
Review in Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- No association between hepatitis C virus infection and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Chronic Hepatitis Virus Infection Are Associated With High Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Hepatitis C virus and extrahepatic malignancies: where we stand and how we can advance the field.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Risk of Liver and Non-Liver Malignancy in HCV-Infected Patients with Cirrhosis After Direct-Acting Antiviral Treatment.Cancers · 2026Article
- Chronic liver diseases aggravate radiation-induced intestinal injury through taurocholic acid dysregulation.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Anti-HCV treatment and risk for extrahepatic cancers: evidence of benefits with questions remaining.Translational cancer research · 2026Article
- Liver-pancreas communication in disease and drug development.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Review
- Review
- Two-way increased-risk associations between hepatobiliary cancers and other malignancies: a population-based study.Hepatic oncology · 2025Article
- Association Between High FIB-4 Score and the Risk of Malignancy Development and Mortality: A Retrospective Longitudinal Case-Control Study.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Article
- The microbiome in cancer.iMeta · 2025Review
- Genetic and transcriptional insights reveal hepatitis C virus as a driver of kidney cancer.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Article
- Metabolic interplays between the tumour and the host shape the tumour macroenvironment.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- The diagnostic value of decreased levels of inflammatory markers for the state of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.PloS one · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of Viral Oncogenesis: DNA and RNA Viruses in Human Cancer.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Extrahepatic Cancer Risk in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection Treated with Direct-Acting Antivirals.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Incidence of Liver and Non-liver Cancers After Hepatitis C Virus Eradication: A Population-Based Cohort Study.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2024Article
- Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Extrahepatic Disease and the Impact of New Direct-Acting Antivirals.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- NOTCH pathway mutation contributes to inferior prognosis in HBV-infected chronic lymphocytic leukemia.Annals of hematology · 2024Article
- Cholestatic HCV Cryoglobulinemia: A New Clinical and Pathological Entity before and after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapies-A Case-Control Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infectious agents, such as HCV, account for ∼15% of human cancers. HCV infects not only hepatocytes but also extrahepatic cells. Chronic HCV infection can induce chronic inflammation with qualitative and quantitative alterations of the immune repertoire and tissue microenvironment, which could induce various neoplasias. Epidemiological studies and meta-analyses suggest an increased rate of extrahepatic cancers in patients with chronic HCV infection along with a higher risk of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), highlighting the need to screen for HCV infection in patients with these cancers. Development of B cell NHL has been associated with HCV infection, with a relative risk of ∼1.5. Direct transformation related to the presence of the virus and chronic antigenic stimulation are the two major non-exclusive mechanisms involved in HCV-related lymphomagenesis. HCV infection alters survival of patients with lymphoma, and sustained virologic response (SVR) substantially improves prognosis. Antiviral treatments might induce remission of indolent lymphoma when SVR is achieved even without chemotherapy, emphasizing the role of HCV in lymphomagenesis in this context. However, studies are needed to provide prospective evidence of a causal relationship between chronic HCV infection and other extrahepatic cancers and to determine whether the risk of extrahepatic cancers is reduced with SVR. In this Review, we report on recent studies analysing the risk of extrahepatic cancers associated with chronic HCV infection. Although there is no doubt regarding the direct and indirect causality between HCV and NHL, an increased risk of other cancers is less clear, with the exception of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.