ArticlemBio2018
Pandemic Paradox: Early Life H2N2 Pandemic Influenza Infection Enhanced Susceptibility to Death during the 2009 H1N1 Pandemic.
Article in mBio, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Age-specific mortality patterns across influenza pandemics: evidence from all-cause mortality data across multiple populations.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Childhood immune imprinting shapes cohort and period influenza mortality.Science advances · 2026Article
- Recent advances in lateral flow devices and point-of-care diagnostics for highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Immune imprinting: The persisting influence of the first antigenic encounter with rapidly evolving viruses.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- A deterministic model for homologous antibody dependant enhancement on influenza infection.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2024Article
- Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines.Nature microbiology · 2023Review
- Article
- Immune interference in effectiveness of influenza and COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Review
- A SARS-CoV-2 variant elicits an antibody response with a shifted immunodominance hierarchy.PLoS pathogens · 2022Article
- Influenza immune escape under heterogeneous host immune histories.Trends in microbiology · 2021Review
- A SARS-CoV-2 variant elicits an antibody response with a shifted immunodominance hierarchy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2021Article
- The Effects of Imprinting and Repeated Seasonal Influenza Vaccination on Adaptive Immunity after Influenza Vaccination.Vaccines · 2020Article
- Beyond clinical trials: Evolutionary and epidemiological considerations for development of a universal influenza vaccine.PLoS pathogens · 2020Review
- Article
- Determinants of Influenza Mortality Trends: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Influenza Mortality in the United States, 1959-2016.Demography · 2019Article
- No evidence of antigenic seniority in hemagglutinin specific antibody responses after adjuvanted pandemic 2009 influenza vaccination.Vaccine: X · 2019Article
- Co-degradation of interferon signaling factor DDX3 by PB1-F2 as a basis for high virulence of 1918 pandemic influenza.The EMBO journal · 2019Article
- Age-specific differences in the dynamics of protective immunity to influenza.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Dynamic Perspectives on the Search for a Universal Influenza Vaccine.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of H5, H7, and H9 influenza A viruses in humans have served as a vivid reminder of the potentially devastating effects that a novel pandemic could exert on the modern world. Those who have survived infections with influenza viruses in the past have been protected from subsequent antigenically similar pandemics through adaptive immunity. For example, during the 2009 H1N1 "swine flu" pandemic, those exposed to H1N1 viruses that circulated between 1918 and the 1940s were at a decreased risk for mortality as a result of their previous immunity. It is also generally thought that past exposures to antigenically dissimilar strains of influenza virus may also be beneficial due to cross-reactive cellular immunity. However, cohorts born during prior heterosubtypic pandemics have previously experienced elevated risk of death relative to surrounding cohorts of the same population. Indeed, individuals born during the 1890 H3Nx pandemic experienced the highest levels of excess mortality during the 1918 "Spanish flu." Applying Serfling models to monthly mortality and influenza circulation data between October 1997 and July 2014 in the United States and Mexico, we show corresponding peaks in excess mortality during the 2009 H1N1 "swine flu" pandemic and during the resurgent 2013-2014 H1N1 outbreak for those born at the time of the 1957 H2N2 "Asian flu" pandemic. We suggest that the phenomenon observed in 1918 is not unique and points to exposure to pandemic influenza early in life as a risk factor for mortality during subsequent heterosubtypic pandemics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.