ReviewImmunology2018
Adaptive immune education by gut microbiota antigens.
Review in Immunology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 152 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of isolated, confined and extreme environments on parameters of the immune system - a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- The Commensal Microbiota and Viral Infection: A Comprehensive Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Pooled it
- Review
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- Importance of the inflammasome in gut-brain axis: from pathological driver to therapeutic target.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Immune surveillance and microbial escape in the aging host: Why does the microbiome lose its balance?PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Detection of Fungal Translocation in Patients With Alcohol Use Disorder Using a Real-Time PCR Assay.APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Human immunodeficiency virus-associated gut microbiome impacts systemic immunodeficiency and susceptibility to opportunistic gut infection.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection and gut-lung axis: the potential role of rifaximin.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Gut-microbiota-mediated host immune modulation: mechanisms, pathological dysbiosis, and therapeutic frontiers.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota dysbiosis in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms linking intestinal barrier dysfunction to synovial inflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Tirzepatide and the gut microbiota-obesity axis: metabolic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Loss of microbial diversity from human-microbe coevolution: immune, epigenetic, and enteric nervous system mechanisms linking dysbiosis to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Emerging molecular and environmental biomarkers of shrimp allergy in African Americans in the US.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Review
- Mechanistic Interplay of Gut Microbiota and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity in Neurodegenerative Diseases.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Immune Modulation by Microbiota and Its Possible Impact on Polyomavirus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Fecal microbiota transplantation in pigs: current status and future perspective.Animal microbiome · 2025Review
- Commensal resilience: ancient ecological lessons for the modern microbiota.Infection and immunity · 2025Review
- Advances in research on the intestinal microbiota in the mechanism and prevention of colorectal cancer (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- Article
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Host-microbiota mutualism has been established during long-term co-evolution. A diverse and rich gut microbiota plays an essential role in the development and maturation of the host immune system. Education of the adaptive immune compartment by gut microbiota antigens is important in establishing immune balance. In particular, a critical time frame immediately after birth provides a 'window of opportunity' for the development of lymphoid structures, differentiation and maturation of T and B cells and, most importantly, establishment of immune tolerance to gut commensals. Depending on the colonization niche, antigen type and metabolic property of different gut microbes, CD4 T-cell responses vary greatly, which results in differentiation into distinct subsets. As a consequence, certain bacteria elicit effector-like immune responses by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon-γ and interleukin-17A, whereas other bacteria favour the generation of regulatory CD4 T cells and provide help with gut homeostasis. The microbiota have profound effects on B cells also. Gut microbial exposure leads to a continuous diversification of B-cell repertoire and the production of T-dependent and -independent antibodies, especially IgA. These combined effects of the gut microbes provide an elegant educational process to the adaptive immune network. Contrariwise, failure of this process results in a reduced homeostasis with the gut microbiota, and an increased susceptibility to various immune disorders, both inside and outside the gut. With more definitive microbial-immune relations waiting to be discovered, modulation of the host gut microbiota has a promising future for disease intervention.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.