ArticlePloS one2018
Distribution of cone density, spacing and arrangement in adult healthy retinas with adaptive optics flood illumination.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 56 papers.
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Who cites it
56 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations of Cone Density and Choroidal Thickness with Age: A Cross-Sectional Study.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Adaptive Optics Image Analysis Using Generative AI (GPT-4) Scripting: Exploratory Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Ultra-high-resolution imaging of acute macular neuroretinopathy: a case report.American journal of ophthalmology case reports · 2026Article
- Avoiding the dichotomy between endogenous and exogenous attention: Selective attention as an attentional priority map fed by multiple interacting attentional signals.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Review
- Macular cone cell mosaic metrics in myopia: severity evaluation and diagnostic efficiency using adaptive optics fundus camera.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Asymmetries in Foveal Vision.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2025Article
- Mesopic and Low-Contrast Visual Acuity Deficits in Retinitis Pigmentosa: Clinical Markers for Early Functional Impairment.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Interocular distribution differences of parafoveal cone photoreceptors between dominant and non-dominant eyes assessed using an adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Adaptive optics cone arrangement in hydroxychloroquine users without signs of retinal toxicity based on current screening guidelines: a case-control study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Article
- Distance From the Foveal Center: A Method for the Calculation of Eccentric Fixation.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Correlation Between Fixed-Luminance Flicker Full-Field Electroretinogram Response and Macular Cone Density in Healthy Individuals.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Principles of microscopy for ophthalmologists.Eye (London, England) · 2025Review
- From Cellular to Metabolic: Advances in Imaging of Inherited Retinal Diseases.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Asymmetries in foveal vision.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Multimodal phenotyping of foveal hypoplasia in albinism and albino-like conditions: a pediatric case series with adaptive optics insights.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Modeling Human Macular Cone Photoreceptor Spatial Distribution.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Influencing Factors on Pupillary Light Responses as a Biomarker for Local Retinal Function in a Large Normative Cohort.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2024Article
- Adaptive optics retinal imaging in patients with usher syndrome.Frontiers in ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Evaluation of photoreceptor features in retinitis pigmentosa with cystoid macular edema by using an adaptive optics fundus camera.PloS one · 2024Article
- Adaptive Optics Flood Illumination Ophthalmoscopy in Nonhuman Primates: Findings in Normal and Short-term Induced Detached Retinae.Ophthalmology science · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyse cone density, spacing and arrangement using an adaptive optics flood illumination retina camera (rtx1™) on a healthy population. Cone density, cone spacing and packing arrangements were measured on the right retinas of 109 subjects at 2°, 3°, 4°, 5° and 6° of eccentricity along 4 meridians. The effects of eccentricity, meridian, axial length, spherical equivalent, gender and age were evaluated. Cone density decreased on average from 28 884 ± 3 692 cones/mm2, at 2° of eccentricity, to 15 843 ± 1 598 cones/mm2 at 6°. A strong inter-individual variation, especially at 2°, was observed. No important difference of cone density was observed between the nasal and temporal meridians or between the superior and inferior meridians. However, the horizontal and vertical meridians differed by around 14% (T-test, p<0.0001). Cone density, expressed in units of area, decreased as a function of axial length (r2 = 0.60), but remained constant (r2 = 0.05) when cone density is expressed in terms of visual angle supporting the hypothesis that the retina is stretched during the elongation of the eyeball. Gender did not modify the cone distribution. Cone density was slightly modified by age but only at 2°. The older group showed a smaller density (7%). Cone spacing increased from 6,49 ± 0,42 μm to 8,72 ± 0,45 μm respectively between 2° and 6° of eccentricity. The mosaic of the retina is mainly triangularly arranged (i.e. cells with 5 to 7 neighbors) from 2° to 6°. Around half of the cells had 6 neighbors.
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