Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29337985›Full record

ArticlePLoS medicine2018

Increased risk of ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus, a target group in general practice for preventive interventions: A population-based cohort study.

Barbara Daly, Konstantinos A Toulis, Neil Thomas, Krishna Gokhale, James Martin, Jonathan Webber, Deepi Keerthy, Kate Jolly, Ponnusamy Saravanan, Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar

Erratum issuedOpen access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in PLoS medicine, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 158 papers, 17 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
158citing papers in PubMed, 17 pooled it
25.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

158 citing papers in PubMed, 17 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 332 citations in OpenAlex.

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  2. Prediction Models for Maternal and Offspring Short- and Long-Term Outcomes Following Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2025
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98 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Barbara DalySchool of Nursing, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Konstantinos A ToulisInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-2044-4253
Neil ThomasInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-2777-1847
Krishna GokhaleInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
James MartinInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Jonathan WebberDepartment of Diabetes, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Deepi KeerthyInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Kate JollyInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
Ponnusamy SaravananDiabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
Krishnarajah NirantharakumarInstitute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-6816-1279
University of Birmingham · GBUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity of Auckland · NZUniversity of Warwick · GB

Funding

Medical Research Council MC_PC_15079Medical Research Council MR/J000094/1Medical Research Council MR/N006232/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with developing type 2 diabetes, but very few studies have examined its effect on developing cardiovascular disease. METHODS AND

findingsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing a large primary care database in the United Kingdom. From 1 February 1990 to 15 May 2016, 9,118 women diagnosed with GDM were identified and randomly matched with 37,281 control women by age and timing of pregnancy (up to 3 months). Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease. Women with GDM were more likely to develop type 2 diabetes (IRR = 21.96; 95% CI 18.31-26.34) and hypertension (IRR = 1.85; 95% CI 1.59-2.16) after adjusting for age, Townsend (deprivation) quintile, body mass index, and smoking. For ischemic heart disease (IHD), the IRR was 2.78 (95% CI 1.37-5.66), and for cerebrovascular disease 0.95 (95% CI 0.51-1.77; p-value = 0.87), after adjusting for the above covariates and lipid-lowering medication and hypertension at baseline. Follow-up screening for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors was poor. Limitations include potential selective documentation of severe GDM for women in primary care, higher surveillance for outcomes in women diagnosed with GDM than control women, and a short median follow-up postpartum period, with a small number of outcomes for IHD and cerebrovascular disease.

conclusionsWomen diagnosed with GDM were at very high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and had a significantly increased incidence of hypertension and IHD. Identifying this group of women in general practice and targeting cardiovascular risk factors could improve long-term outcomes.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultCohort StudiesDiabetes, GestationalDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleHumansHypertensionMiddle AgedMyocardial IschemiaPregnancyRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsUnited KingdomYoung Adult

Identifiers

PMID29337985
PMCPMC5770032
OpenAlexW2782684935

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.