Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29335347›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of rheumatology2018

Smoking Is the Most Significant Modifiable Lung Cancer Risk Factor in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Sasha Bernatsky, Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman, Michelle Petri, Murray B Urowitz, Dafna D Gladman, Paul R Fortin, Edward H Yelin, Ellen Ginzler, John G Hanly, Christine Peschken and 9 more

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of rheumatology, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
21citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
4.2field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
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  6. Review
  7. Cancer in connective tissue disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2025
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors at 7 institutions in 5 countries.

Sasha BernatskyFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea. sasha.bernatsky@mcgill.ca.
Rosalind Ramsey-GoldmanFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Michelle PetriFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Murray B UrowitzFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Dafna D GladmanFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Paul R FortinFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Edward H YelinFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Ellen GinzlerFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
John G HanlyFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Christine PeschkenFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Caroline GordonFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Ola NivedFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Cynthia AranowFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Sang-Cheol BaeFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
David IsenbergFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Anisur RahmanFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
James E HansenFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Yvan St PierreFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Ann E ClarkeFrom The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal; Université de Laval, Service de rheumatologie, Quebec City, Quebec; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario; Dalhousie University and Capital Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia; University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Division of Rheumatology, University of Calgary, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Medicine, San Francisco, California; State University of New York-Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn; The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York; Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; University of Birmingham, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham; University College London, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rheumatology, London, UK; Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden; The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
Johns Hopkins University · USMt. Washington Pediatric Hospital · USUniversity of Manitoba · CABirmingham Dental Hospital · GBUniversity College London · GBUniversity of Calgary · CAYale University · US

Funding

Resource CoreP30AR072579 · NIAMS · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Leena Sharma · 2017 to 2026
$8.3M
Lupus CohortR01AR043727 · NIAMS · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI PETRI, MICHELLE A · 1997 to 2015
$8.2M
Physical Activity Changes & Thersholds: Quality of Life and Outcomes in Knee OAP60AR064464 · NIAMS · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI SHARMA, LEENA · 2013 to 2017
$4.5M
Cancer Risk: Advancing knowledge in systemic rheumatic diseaseR03CA173822 · NCI · MCGILL UNIVERSITY HEALTH CTR RES INST · PI BERNATSKY, SASHA RUTH, CLARKE, ANN ELAINE · 2013 to 2014
$138k
CIHRNCI NIH HHS R03 CA173822NIAMS NIH HHS P30 AR072579NIAMS NIH HHS P60 AR064464NIAMS NIH HHS R01 AR043727Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo assess lung cancer risk in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), relative to demographics, drug exposures, smoking, and disease activity.

methodsWe analyzed data from 14 SLE cohorts. We calculated adjusted HR estimates for lung cancer in SLE, relative to demographics, smoking, time-dependent medication exposures, and cumulative disease activity [mean adjusted SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores]. This project was approved by the ethics boards of all participating institutions, including the Institutional Review Board of the McGill University Health Centre. The ethics approval number for the Cancer Risk study is GEN-06-031.

resultsWithin these 14 SLE cohorts, 49 incident lung cancers occurred. Among lung cancer cases, 59.0% were in the highest SLEDAI quartile at baseline versus 40.8% of lung cancer-free SLE controls. The vast majority (84.2%) of SLE lung cancer cases were ever-smokers at baseline, versus 40.1% of those without lung cancer. In adjusted models, the principal factors associated with lung cancer were ever smoking (at cohort entry) and current age. Estimated adjusted effects of all drugs were relatively imprecise, but did not point toward any drug exposures as strong lung cancer risk factors.

conclusionWe saw no clear evidence for drugs as a trigger for lung cancer risk in SLE, although drug risk estimates were relatively imprecise. Smoking may be the most significant modifiable lung cancer risk factor in SLE.

Indexed as

AdultCohort StudiesFemaleHumansLung NeoplasmsLupus Erythematosus, SystemicMaleMiddle AgedProportional Hazards ModelsRisk FactorsSeverity of Illness IndexSmokingLUNG CANCERSYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS

Identifiers

PMID29335347
PMCPMC5834350
OpenAlexW2783129927

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.