ArticleAIDS (London, England)2018
Bacterial vaginosis modifies the association between hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition.
Article in AIDS (London, England), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition among women: an updated systematic review.BMJ sexual & reproductive health · 2020Pooled it
- Systems analysis reveals differential expression of endocervical genes in African women randomized to DMPA-IM, LNG implant or cu-IUD.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2023Trial
- Influence of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and HIV on Cervicovaginal Cytokines and Microbiota in Malawi.mSphere · 2023Trial
- Unmet patient needs and information gaps in fertility counseling for persons living with HIV/AIDS: Evidence from Ghana.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Repurposing antimalarials: pyrimethamine exhibits superior in vitro activity to metronidazole against Gardnerella while sparing Lactobacillus.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- No change in key HIV target cell markers following initiation of three progestin-based hormonal contraception methods: findings from the CHIME study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Glucocorticoids and medroxyprogesterone acetate synergize with inflammatory stimuli to selectively upregulate CCL20 transcription.Molecular and cellular endocrinology · 2023Article
- Evaluating the impact of three progestin-based hormonal contraceptive methods on immunologic changes in the female genital tract and systemically (CHIME Study): a prospective cohort study protocol.BMC women's health · 2022Article
- A Summary of the Sixth International Workshop on Microbiome in HIV Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2022Article
- Six Bacterial Vaginosis-Associated Species Can Form anFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Article
- Genital Abnormalities, Hormonal Contraception, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission Risk in Rwandan Serodifferent Couples.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
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- Vaginal microbiome-hormonal contraceptive interactions associate with the mucosal proteome and HIV acquisition.PLoS pathogens · 2020Article
- Uptake of long acting reversible contraception following integrated couples HIV and fertility goal-based family planning counselling in Catholic and non-Catholic, urban and rural government health centers in Kigali, Rwanda.Reproductive health · 2020Observational
- Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects ofFrontiers in medicine · 2020Article
- Hormonal Contraception and Vaginal Infections Among Couples Who Are Human Immunodeficiency Virus Serodiscordant in Lusaka, Zambia.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2019Article
- Community health worker promotions increase uptake of long-acting reversible contraception in Rwanda.Reproductive health · 2019Article
- Does bacterial vaginosis modify the effect of hormonal contraception on HIV seroconversion.AIDS (London, England) · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine bacterial vaginosis as an effect modifier for the association between hormonal contraception and incident HIV infection.
designSerodiscordant couples enrolled in an open longitudinal cohort in Lusaka, Zambia from 1994 to 2012. This analysis was restricted to couples with an HIV-positive man enrolled between1994 and 2002 when a quarterly genital tract examination and HIV testing was performed.
methodsMultivariate Cox models evaluated the association between contraceptive method and HIV-acquisition, stratified by time-varying bacterial vaginosis status.
resultsAmong 564 couples contributing 1137.2 couple-years of observation, bacterial vaginosis was detected at 15.5% of study visits. Twenty-two of 106 seroconversions occurred during intervals after bacterial vaginosis was detected [12 on no method/nonhormonal method (nonhormonal contraception), two on injectables, eight on oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)]. Unadjusted seroincidence rates per 100 couple-years for nonhormonal contraception, injectable, and OCP users, respectively, during intervals with bacterial vaginosis were 8.3, 20.8, and 31.0 and during intervals without bacterial vaginosis were 8.2, 9.7, and 12.3. In the bacterial vaginosis-positive model, there was a significant increase in incident HIV among those using injectables (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR 6.55, 95% CI 1.14-37.77) and OCPs (aHR 5.20, 95% CI 1.68-16.06) compared with nonhormonal contraception. Hormonal contraception did not increase the hazard of HIV acquisition in bacterial vaginosis-negative models. These findings persisted in sensitivity analyses whenever all covariates from the nonstratified model previously published were included, whenever other genital tract findings were excluded from the model and with the addition of condom-less sex and sperm on wet-prep.
conclusionFuture research should consider a potential interaction with bacterial vaginosis whenever evaluating the impact of hormonal contraception on HIV acquisition.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.