Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29333677›Full record

ArticleAddiction (Abingdon, England)2018

Diminished alternative reinforcement as a mechanism linking conduct problems and substance use in adolescence: a longitudinal examination.

Rubin Khoddam, Junhan Cho, Nicholas J Jackson, Adam M Leventhal

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Addiction (Abingdon, England), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  6. Reward deprivation is associated with elevated alcohol demand in emerging adults.Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Rubin KhoddamDepartment of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Junhan ChoDepartment of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Nicholas J JacksonDepartment of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Adam M LeventhalDepartment of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3539-7656

Funding

Anhedonia as a Risk Factor and Consequence of Substance UseR01DA033296 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI LEVENTHAL, ADAM MATTHEW · 2012 to 2016
$3.4M
Substance Use and Problem Behavior Trajectories across AdolescenceF31DA039708 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI KHODDAM, RUBIN · 2015 to 2017
$102k
NIDA NIH HHS F31 DA039708NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA033296
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsTo determine whether diminished alternative reinforcement (i.e. engagement and enjoyment from substance-free activities) mediated the longitudinal association of conduct problems with substance use in early-mid-adolescence.

designStructural equation modeling tested whether the association between wave 1 (baseline) conduct problems and wave 3 (24-month follow-up) substance use outcomes was mediated by diminished alternative reinforcement at wave 2 (12-month follow-up). Additional analyses tested whether sex and socio-economic status moderated this association.

settingTen high schools in Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2013-15.

participantsStudents (n = 3396, 53.5% female, mean [standard deviation (SD)] age at wave 1 baseline = 14.1 (0.42) years). MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported conduct problems (11-item questionnaire), alternative reinforcement (44-item questionnaire) and use of alcohol, marijuana and combustible cigarettes during the past 6 months (yes/no) and the past 30 days (nine-level ordinal response based on days used in past 30 days).

resultsSignificant associations of wave 1 conduct problems with wave 3 marijuana use during the past 6 months (β = 0.25) and past 30 days (β = 0.26) were mediated by wave 2 diminished alternative reinforcement (β

conclusionsDiminished alternative reinforcement may be a modifiable mechanism linking early adolescent conduct problems and subsequent marijuana use that could be targeted in prevention programs to offset the adverse health and social sequelae associated with comorbid conduct problems and marijuana use in early-mid adolescence.

Indexed as

Reinforcement, PsychologyAdolescentAdolescent BehaviorCigarette SmokingConduct DisorderFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMarijuana UseUnderage DrinkingUnited StatesAdolescentsalcoholalternative reinforcersbehavioral economicscigaretteconduct problemsmarijuanasubstance use

Identifiers

PMID29333677
PMCPMC5938106

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.