ArticleInternational journal of cancer2018
Reproductive history, breast-feeding and risk of triple negative breast cancer: The Breast Cancer Etiology in Minorities (BEM) study.
Article in International journal of cancer, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 83 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of breastfeeding on the risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Pooled it
- The unique risk factor profile of triple-negative breast cancer: a comprehensive meta-analysis.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Pooled it
- Association of reproductive risk factors and breast cancer molecular subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2023Pooled it
- Oral Contraceptive Use and Assessment of Breast Cancer Risk among Premenopausal Women via Molecular Characteristics: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Abrupt involution induces inflammation, estrogenic signaling, and hyperplasia linking lack of breastfeeding with increased risk of breast cancer.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2019Pooled it
- Identification and validation of an intratumor heterogeneity-related prognostic signature in triple-negative breast cancer: a study based on integrative machine learning and single-cell sequencing.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Reproductive factors and risk of contralateral breast cancer by age and hormone receptor status: The California Breast Cancer Survivorship Consortium.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Long-Term Breastfeeding: Protective Effects Against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and the Role of the Breast Microbiota.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Breastfeeding attributable fraction of triple negative breast cancer in the US.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Divergent paths of mammary gland involution: unveiling the cellular dynamics in abruptly and gradually involuted mouse models.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2025Article
- Modifiable Risk Factors Including Self-Perceived Stress for Breast Cancer in Hong Kong: A Case-Control Study of 10 757 Subject.Clinical Medicine Insights. Oncology · 2025Article
- Health Literacy, Individual and Community Engagement, and Cardiovascular Risks and Disparities:JACC. CardioOncology · 2024Review
- Reproductive characteristics, menopausal status, race and ethnicity, and risk of breast cancer subtypes defined by ER, PR and HER2 status: the Breast Cancer Etiology in Minorities study.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2024Article
- The effect of parity, breastfeeding history, and duration on clinical and pathological characteristics of breast cancer patients.Turkish journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: 21st Century Advances, Gaps to Address through Interdisciplinary Science.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2023Review
- A Narrative Review of Breastfeeding and Its Correlation With Breast Cancer: Current Understanding and Outcomes.Cureus · 2023Review
- Updates on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: From Risk Factors to Diagnosis, Biomarkers and Therapy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- The mortalities of female-specific cancers in China and other countries with distinct socioeconomic statuses: A longitudinal study.Journal of advanced research · 2023Article
- Reproductive history differs by molecular subtypes of breast cancer among women aged ≤ 50 years in Scotland diagnosed 2009-2016: a cross-sectional study.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2022Article
- Mendelian randomization analyses of 23 known and suspected risk factors and biomarkers for breast cancer overall and by molecular subtypes.International journal of cancer · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Few risk factors have been identified for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which lacks expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). This more aggressive subtype disproportionately affects some racial/ethnic minorities and is associated with lower survival. We pooled data from three population-based studies (558 TNBC and 5,111 controls) and examined associations of TNBC risk with reproductive history and breast-feeding. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using multivariable logistic regression. For younger women, aged <50 years, TNBC risk was increased two-fold for parous women who never breast-fed compared to nulliparous women (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.12-3.63). For younger parous women, longer duration of lifetime breast-feeding was associated with a borderline reduced risk (≥24 vs. 0 months: OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.26-1.04, P
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.