Observational studyJournal of the American Heart Association2018
Race and Socioeconomic Status Independently Affect Risk of Major Amputation in Peripheral Artery Disease.
Observational study in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 238 citations in OpenAlex.
- 2024 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/APMA/ABC/SCAI/SVM/SVN/SVS/SIR/VESS Guideline for the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.Journal of the American College of Cardiology · 2024Guideline
- Guideline
- Diversity in randomized clinical trials for peripheral artery disease: a systematic review.International journal for equity in health · 2024Pooled it
- How patient profile and hospital setting drive pulmonary embolism treatment modality.Journal of vascular surgery. Venous and lymphatic disorders · 2026Article
- Review
- Implicit Bias and Recognition of Biases Among Vascular Surgeons.The Journal of surgical research · 2026Article
- Review
- Peripheral Artery Disease: New Concepts, Treatments, and Disparities.Annual review of medicine · 2026Review
- Contemporary Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia Care in the United States-Part 1: A Path Toward Multispecialty Collaboration.Journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography & Interventions · 2025Review
- Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for peripheral arterial disease in Italy: a survey among vascular specialists of the Italian society of angiology and vascular medicine (SIAPAV) and general practitioners of the Italian federation of general practitioners (FIMMG).Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Social and Structural Determinants of Lower Extremity Amputations in Diabetes.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- ARTS is associated with vascular risk factors, MCI, dementia, and stroke.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- The contemporary natural history of minor amputation among diabetic patients with peripheral arterial disease.Journal of vascular surgery · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic and ethnic disparities in major lower limb amputation related to peripheral arterial disease in England.BJS open · 2025Article
- Long-Term Outcomes of Peripheral Artery Disease in Veterans: Analysis of the Peripheral Artery Disease Long-Term Survival Study (PEARLS).Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Impact of Social Determinants of Health on Cardiovascular Disease.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Review
- 2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association.Circulation · 2025Review
- Racial disparities in prosthesis abandonment and mobility outcomes after lower limb amputation from a dysvascular etiology in a veteran population.PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Patient perspectives on peripheral artery disease education and an online peripheral artery disease video education tool.JVS-vascular insights · 2025Article
- Rationale and Design of a Study to Assess the Engagement and Usefulness of the Care4Today Connect Digital Health Application for Disease Management in Coronary Artery Disease and Peripheral Artery Disease (iPACE-CVD Study).Clinical cardiology · 2024Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundBlack race has been shown to be a risk factor for amputation in peripheral artery disease (PAD); however, race has been argued to be a marker for socioeconomic status (SES) rather than true disparity. The aim of this study is to study the impact of race and SES on amputation risk in PAD patients. METHODS AND
resultsPatients with incident PAD in the national Veterans Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse were identified from 2003 to 2014 (N=155 647). The exposures were race and SES (measured by median income in residential ZIP codes). The outcome was incident major amputation. Black veterans were significantly more likely to live in low-SES neighborhoods and to present with advanced PAD. Black patients had a higher amputation risk in each SES stratum compared with white patients. In Cox models (adjusting for covariates), black race was associated with a 37% higher amputation risk compared with white race (hazard ratio: 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-1.45), whereas low SES was independently predictive of increased risk of amputation (hazard ratio: 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.17) and showed no evidence of interaction with race. In predicted amputation risk analysis, black race and low SES continued to be significant risk factors for amputation regardless of PAD presentation.
conclusionsBlack race significantly increases the risk of amputation within the same SES stratum compared with white race and has an independent effect on limb loss after controlling for comorbidities, severity of PAD at presentation, and use of medications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.