ReviewClinical drug investigation2018
Pharmacological Insights into the Use of Apomorphine in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Relevance.
Review in Clinical drug investigation, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Identification of the efficacy and safety of apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease via meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2025Pooled it
- Practical use of apomorphine infusion in Parkinson's disease: lessons from the TOLEDO study and clinical experience.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Trial
- Device aided therapies in Parkinson disease: an expert view on apomorphine.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Twenty-five-year experience with apomorphine pump in Parkinson's disease: A real-life long-term retrospective tolerance study.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2025Article
- A Highly Potent Apomorphine Derivative Enhancing Neurite Outgrowth via Nrf2 Activation.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Natural Product-Inspired Dopamine Receptor Ligands.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2024Review
- Terminal Care in Parkinson's Disease: Real-Life Use of Continuous Subcutaneous Apomorphine Infusion to Improve Patient Comfort.Journal of Parkinson's disease · 2024Article
- Adopting the Rumsfeld approach to understanding the action of levodopa and apomorphine in Parkinson's disease.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
- Should continuous dopaminergic stimulation be a standard of care in advanced Parkinson's disease?Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
- Access to device-aided therapies in advanced Parkinson's disease: navigating clinician biases, patient preference, and prognostic uncertainty.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2023Review
- Night-Time Apomorphine Infusion: Who Are the Best Candidates?Movement disorders clinical practice · 2023Article
- The dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine stabilizes neurotoxic α-synuclein oligomers.FEBS letters · 2022Article
- Long-term effect of apomorphine infusion in advanced Parkinson's disease: a real-life study.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2021Article
- Importance of Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Antiparkinsonian Drugs.Pharmaceutics · 2021Review
- SURINPARK: Safinamide for Urinary Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- Therapeutic Strategies to Treat or Prevent Off Episodes in Adults with Parkinson's Disease.Drugs · 2020Review
- Apomorphine for Parkinson's Disease: Efficacy and Safety of Current and New Formulations.CNS drugs · 2019Review
- Continuous subcutaneous apomorphine in advanced Parkinson's disease patients treated with deep brain stimulation.Journal of neurology · 2019Article
- Apomorphine effects on the hippocampus.Neural regeneration research · 2018Review
- The Many Faces of Apomorphine: Lessons from the Past and Challenges for the Future.Drugs in R&D · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The present paper consists of a comprehensive review of the literature on apomorphine pharmacological properties and its usefulness in Parkinson's disease (PD). The chemistry, structure-activity relationship, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of apomorphine are described with regard to its effects on PD symptoms, drug interactions, interindividual variability and adverse events. Apomorphine chemical structure accounts for most of its beneficial and deleterious properties, both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic. Its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are complex and subject to interindividual variability, particularly for subcutaneous absorption and metabolism. Subcutaneous apomorphine, either as injections or infusion, is particularly useful for the treatment of PD motor symptoms and growing evidence supports its clinical value for nonmotor disorders. Owing to interindividual variability and sensitivity, apomorphine treatment must be tailored to each patient. While the subcutaneous route has been the gold standard for decades, the search for alternative routes is ongoing, with promising results from studies of pulmonary, sublingual and transdermal routes. In addition, the potential of apomorphine as a disease-modifying therapy deserves to be investigated, as well as its ability to induce brain plasticity through chronic infusion. Moreover, the ongoing progress in the development of analytical methods should be accompanied by new pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of apomorphine metabolism and sites of action in humans, as its biochemistry has yet to be fully described.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.