ReviewAntiviral research2018
The role of adjuvant immunomodulatory agents for treatment of severe influenza.
Review in Antiviral research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- Colchicine and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.International immunopharmacology · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical apheresis · 2021Pooled it
- Passive immune therapy and other immunomodulatory agents for the treatment of severe influenza: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2020Pooled it
- Azithromycin in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Efficacy of oseltamivir compared with zanamivir in COPD patients with seasonal influenza virus infection: a randomized controlled trial.Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologica · 2020Trial
- Anti-influenza immune plasma for the treatment of patients with severe influenza A: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2019Trial
- Generation of an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Alveolar Type II In Vitro Model to Study Influenza A Virus Infection and Drug Treatments.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Efficacy of the Supersulfide Donor NAC-S2 in Influenza Virus Pneumonia via Suppression of Excessive Inflammatory Responses.Microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- Unveiling Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Obesity-Associated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2025Review
- Recent advances in COVID-19-induced liver injury: causes, diagnosis, and management.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Review
- Prediction of poststroke cognitive impairment based on the systemic inflammatory response index.Brain and behavior · 2024Article
- Characteristics and outcome of influenza-associated encephalopathy/encephalitis among children in China.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2024Article
- Phillyrin ameliorates influenza a virus-induced pulmonary inflammation by antagonizing CXCR2 and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation.Virology journal · 2023Article
- N-Acetylcysteine and Its Immunomodulatory Properties in Humans and Domesticated Animals.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Investigational Use of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Their Secretome as Add-On Therapy in Severe Respiratory Virus Infections: Challenges and Perspectives.Advances in therapy · 2023Review
- Influenza antivirals and their role in pandemic preparedness.Antiviral research · 2023Review
- Host-directed immunotherapy of viral and bacterial infections: past, present and future.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Stability Study of Parenteral N-Acetylcysteine, and Chemical Inhibition of Its Dimerization.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Natural compounds may contribute in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review.Food science and human wellness · 2022Review
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
A severe inflammatory immune response with hypercytokinemia occurs in patients hospitalized with severe influenza, such as avian influenza A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and seasonal A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections. The role of immunomodulatory therapy is unclear as there have been limited published data based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Passive immunotherapy such as convalescent plasma and hyperimmune globulin have some studies demonstrating benefit when administered as an adjunctive therapy for severe influenza. Triple combination of oseltamivir, clarithromycin, and naproxen for severe influenza has one study supporting its use, and confirmatory studies would be of great interest. Likewise, confirmatory studies of sirolimus without concomitant corticosteroid therapy should be explored as a research priority. Other agents with potential immunomodulating effects, including non-immune intravenous immunoglobulin, N-acetylcysteine, acute use of statins, macrolides, pamidronate, nitazoxanide, chloroquine, antiC5a antibody, interferons, human mesenchymal stromal cells, mycophenolic acid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, mesalazine, herbal medicine, and the role of plasmapheresis and hemoperfusion as rescue therapy have supportive preclinical or observational clinical data, and deserve more investigation preferably by RCTs. Systemic corticosteroids administered in high dose may increase the risk of mortality and morbidity in patients with severe influenza and should not be used, while the clinical utility of low dose systemic corticosteroids requires further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.