ArticleBiological psychiatry2018
A Genetic Investigation of Sex Bias in the Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
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Article in Biological psychiatry, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 108 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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108citing papers in PubMed, 4 pooled it
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108 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Large-scale genome-wide analyses of stuttering.Nature genetics · 2025Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of genetic effects associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and co-occurring conditions.Nature human behaviour · 2023Pooled it
- Epigenome-wide DNA methylation in externalizing behaviours: A review and combined analysis.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2023Pooled it
- The involvement of the canonical Wnt-signaling receptor LRP5 and LRP6 gene variants with ADHD and sexual dimorphism: Association study and meta-analysis.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics · 2019Pooled it
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- A Four-Dimensional Model of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Toward Improved Recognition of Female ADHD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation and mental health: a drug-target mendelian randomization study.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Dissecting the shared genetic architecture between testosterone traits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Article
- Causal association between lipid profile and mental disorders: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Region-specific cortico-striatal transcriptomic remodeling following early postnatal dopaminergic disturbance.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The inactive X chromosome as a female protector in autism and beyond.Nature genetics · 2026Review
- Transcriptional mechanisms of sex-biased gene expression and their connections to disease-associated variation.Human molecular genetics · 2026Article
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- Association between epigenetic age acceleration and psychiatric disorders: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Unravelling the role of alanine in mental disorders: a Mendelian randomisation study.Journal of nutritional science · 2026Article
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- Challenges and Opportunities in Characterizing the Genetics of Stuttering: From Sample Acquisition to Functional Interpretation of the Genome.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2025Review
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- Multiple Psychiatric Traits Enriched for Brain Tissues in the Early Postpartum Period.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
28 authors.
Joanna MartinDepartment of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Electronic address: martinjm1@cardiff.ac.uk.
Raymond K WaltersStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Ditte DemontisLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing [iSEQ], Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark.
Manuel MattheisenCentre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden; Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing [iSEQ], Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark.
S Hong LeeQueensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Population Health Research, School of Health Sciences and Sansom Institute of Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Elise RobinsonStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Isabell BrikellDepartment of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Laura GhirardiDepartment of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Henrik LarssonDepartment of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
Paul LichtensteinDepartment of Medical Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Nicholas Eriksson23andMe Inc., Mountain View, California.
23andMe Research Team23andMe Inc., Mountain View, California.
Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: ADHD Subgroup
iPSYCH–Broad ADHD Workgroup
Thomas WergeLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Mental Health Services Copenhagen, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Preben Bo MortensenLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing [iSEQ], Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark.
Marianne Giørtz PedersenLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Centre for Integrated Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark.
Ole MorsLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Psychosis Research Unit, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark.
Merete NordentoftLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
David M HougaardLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Jonas Bybjerg-GrauholmLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Center for Neonatal Screening, Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Naomi R WrayQueensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
Barbara FrankeDepartments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Stephen V FaraoneDepartments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Michael C O'DonovanMRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Anita ThaparMRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Anders D BørglumLundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research [iPSYCH], Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Centre for Integrative Sequencing [iSEQ], Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine-Human Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Roskilde, Denmark.
Benjamin M NealeStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
Funding
The Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at CHOP/PennU54HD086984 · NICHD · CHILDREN'S HOSP OF PHILADELPHIA · PI YUDKOFF, MARC · 2016 to 2020
$6.3MStatistical methods to localize disease heritability and identify biological mechanismsR01MH107649 · NIMH · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI NEALE, BENJAMIN MICHAEL · 2015 to 2018
$2.9M3/7 Psychiatric Genomics Consortium: Finding actionable variationU01MH109536 · NIMH · ICAHN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AT MOUNT SINAI · PI CHARNEY, ALEXANDER W, HUCKINS, LAURA MARIANNE · 2016 to 2020
$2.7MQuantifying the impact of rare mutations on ADHDR01MH094469 · NIMH · BROAD INSTITUTE, INC. · PI NEALE, BENJAMIN MICHAEL · 2012 to 2015
$2.4MDevelopment of a web-based database and research engine for genetic discoveryR44HG006981 · NHGRI · 23ANDME, INC. · PI MOUNTAIN, JOANNA L. · 2013 to 2014
$1.4MMedical Research Council G1000632Medical Research Council MR/L010305/1NHGRI NIH HHS R44 HG006981NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH094469NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH107649Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust 106047
Abstract
backgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) shows substantial heritability and is two to seven times more common in male individuals than in female individuals. We examined two putative genetic mechanisms underlying this sex bias: sex-specific heterogeneity and higher burden of risk in female cases.
methodsWe analyzed genome-wide autosomal common variants from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium and iPSYCH Project (n = 20,183 cases, n = 35,191 controls) and Swedish population register data (n = 77,905 cases, n = 1,874,637 population controls).
resultsGenetic correlation analyses using two methods suggested near complete sharing of common variant effects across sexes, with r
conclusionsOverall, this study supports a greater familial burden of risk in female individuals with ADHD and some clinical and etiological heterogeneity, based on epidemiological analyses. However, molecular genetic analyses suggest that autosomal common variants largely do not explain the sex bias in ADHD prevalence.
Indexed as
Genetic HeterogeneitySex CharacteristicsAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityCase-Control StudiesFemaleGene FrequencyGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansLogistic ModelsMalePrevalencePrincipal Component AnalysisADHDEpidemiologyGWASNeurodevelopmental disordersPolygenic risk score analysisSex bias
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