ArticleMicrobiome2018
Haemophilus is overrepresented in the nasopharynx of infants hospitalized with RSV infection and associated with increased viral load and enhanced mucosal CXCL8 responses.
Article in Microbiome, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 88 citations in OpenAlex.
- RSV-associated acute otitis media in children under five years old: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of the human upper respiratory tract microbiome reveals robust taxonomic associations with health and disease.BMC biology · 2024Pooled it
- Respiratory and Gut Microbiome Modification during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- Exploring the microbial landscape of the nasopharynx in children: a systematic review of studies using next generation sequencing.Frontiers in microbiomes · 2023Pooled it
- Changes in the pharyngeal and nasal microbiota in pediatric patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Trial
- The association between pneumococcal vaccination, ethnicity, and the nasopharyngeal microbiota of children in Fiji.Microbiome · 2019Trial
- Live nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae exacerbates respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower airway inflammation.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- RSV-NTHi Co-Infection Skews Host Immunity by Suppressing Type I IFN Responses and Enhancing Pro-Inflammatory Responses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- RSV-infected children with mixed infections: clinical features and early predictive indicators of codetection withFrontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Respiratory potentially pathogenic bacteria are associated with increased disease severity in neonates with respiratory syncytial virus infection.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparative meta-transcriptomic analysis of nasal and anal microbiota in respiratory syncytial virus mono and co-infected children.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Mannose-binding lectin insufficiency is associated with airway Haemophilus colonization and a higher risk of post-RSV bronchiolitis recurrent wheezing.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia before and after respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
- Intestinal-pulmonary axis: a 'Force For Good' against respiratory viral infections.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Lower respiratory tract co-infection ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The respiratory microbiome is linked to the severity of RSV infections and the persistence of symptoms in children.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- Prevalence ofInternational journal of circumpolar health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhile almost all infants are infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) before the age of 2 years, only a small percentage develops severe disease. Previous studies suggest that the nasopharyngeal microbiome affects disease development. We therefore studied the effect of the nasopharyngeal microbiome on viral load and mucosal cytokine responses, two important factors influencing the pathophysiology of RSV disease. To determine the relation between (i) the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract, (ii) viral load, and (iii) host mucosal inflammation during an RSV infection, nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles of RSV infected infants (< 6 months) with different levels of disease severity and age-matched healthy controls were determined by 16S rRNA marker gene sequencing. The viral load was measured using qPCR. Nasopharyngeal CCL5, CXCL10, MMP9, IL6, and CXCL8 levels were determined with ELISA.
resultsViral load in nasopharyngeal aspirates of patients associates significantly to total nasopharyngeal microbiota composition. Healthy infants (n = 21) and RSV patients (n = 54) display very distinct microbial patterns, primarily characterized by a loss in commensals like Veillonella and overrepresentation of opportunistic organisms like Haemophilus and Achromobacter in RSV-infected individuals. Furthermore, nasopharyngeal microbiota profiles are significantly different based on CXCL8 levels. CXCL8 is a chemokine that was previously found to be indicative for disease severity and for which we find Haemophilus abundance as the strongest predictor for CXCL8 levels.
conclusionsThe nasopharyngeal microbiota in young infants with RSV infection is marked by an overrepresentation of the genus Haemophilus. We present that this bacterium is associated with viral load and mucosal CXCL8 responses, both which are involved in RSV disease pathogenesis.
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