ArticlePloS one2018
Intranasal vaccination with M2e5x virus-like particles induces humoral and cellular immune responses conferring cross-protection against heterosubtypic influenza viruses.
Article in PloS one, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intranasal Delivery of an RSV A2-Derived Pre-F VLP Vaccine Induces Robust Mucosal and Systemic Immunity Against RSV B Strain Without Enhanced Disease.Immune network · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-infected cardiomyocytes exhibit upregulated necroptosis, but no evidence of mitochondrial permeability transition.Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology plus · 2026Article
- Next-generation intranasal influenza vaccines: mechanisms, platforms, and translational progress.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Nanotechnology in COVID-19 prevention, diagnosis, and treatment: a comprehensive review.Discover nano · 2025Review
- RSV Vaccines: Targeting Prefusion F and G Proteins from Structural Design to Clinical Application.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Multifaceted virus-like particles: Navigating towards broadly effective influenza A virus vaccines.Current research in microbial sciences · 2025Review
- Review
- Generation of antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells by heterologous immunization enhances the magnitude of the germinal center response upon influenza infection.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- Plant-Produced Chimeric Hepatitis E Virus-like Particles as Carriers for Antigen Presentation.Viruses · 2024Article
- The Potential of Plant-Produced Virus-like Particle Vaccines for African Horse Sickness and Other Equine Orbiviruses.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- An mRNA-based broad-spectrum vaccine candidate confers cross-protection against heterosubtypic influenza A viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Adjuvant effects of combination monophosphoryl lipid A and poly I:C on antigen-specific immune responses and protective efficacy of influenza vaccines.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Nanostructures for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral respiratory infections: from influenza virus to SARS-CoV-2 variants.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Review
- Yeast-Based Virus-like Particles as an Emerging Platform for Vaccine Development and Delivery.Vaccines · 2023Review
- Aspects of Nanotechnology for COVID-19 Vaccine Development and Its Delivery Applications.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- SpyTag/SpyCatcher display of influenza M2e peptide on norovirus-like particle provides stronger immunization than direct genetic fusion.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Article
- Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Monovalent and Bivalent Formulations of a Virus-Like Particle Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Adjuvant Effects of a New Saponin Analog VSA-1 on Enhancing Homologous and Heterosubtypic Protection by Influenza Virus Vaccination.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Article
- Comparison of the effects of different potent adjuvants on enhancing the immunogenicity and cross-protection by influenza virus vaccination in young and aged mice.Antiviral research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines do not provide broad cross-protection. Here, we report that intranasal vaccination with virus-like particles containing the highly conserved multiple ectodomains of matrix protein 2 (M2e5x VLP) of influenza virus induces broad cross-protection by M2-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. M2e5x VLP intranasal vaccination prevented severe weight loss, attenuated inflammatory cytokines and cellular infiltrates, and lowered viral loads, and induced germinal center phenotypic B and plasma cells. In addition, depletion studies demonstrate the protective roles of CD4 and CD8 T cells induced by M2e5x VLP intranasal vaccination. Thus, this study provides evidence that mucosal delivery of M2e5x VLP vaccine provides cross-protection by inducing humoral and cellular immune responses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.