Trial reportCell host & microbe2018
BCG Vaccination Protects against Experimental Viral Infection in Humans through the Induction of Cytokines Associated with Trained Immunity.
Trial report in Cell host & microbe, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 9 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 705 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccination as Defense Against SARS-CoV-2: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Protect Health Care Workers by Enhanced Trained Immune Responses
Performance Evaluation of BCG Vaccination in Healthcare Personnel to Reduce the Severity of SARS-COV-2 Infection in Medellín, Colombia, 2020
Using BCG Vaccine to Enhance Non-specific Protection of Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Randomized Controlled Multi-center Trial
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Against Covid-19 for Prevention and Amelioration of Severity Trial
Novel Use of an Existing Vaccine (BCG) Alliance: The NUEVA Trial
BCG Vaccine to Reduce Unplanned Absenteeism Due to Illness of Health Care Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic. A Multi-center Randomised Controlled Trial (BCG-COVID-RCT)
Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection in Taiwanese Institutionalized Elderly (PARITIE)
The Role of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccine (BCG) in the Clinical Evolution of COVID-19 and in the Efficacy of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Vaccines
Using AS01 Adjuvant to Improve Immune Response in Older Adults Through Trained Immunity
Who cites it
705 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 1,148 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Immune mechanisms mediating the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Six Weeks of Baker's Yeast β-Glucan Supplementation Reveals Unique Immune Maturation mRNA Signature: Implications for Immunity?International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Trial
- BCG-Induced DNA Methylation Changes Improve Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Immunity Without Decreasing the Risk for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- BCG vaccination of healthcare workers for protection against COVID-19: 12-month outcomes from an international randomised controlled trial.The Journal of infection · 2024Trial
- T cell-associated immunity induced by heterologous recombinant BCG and purified protein vaccination confers cross-variant protection against SARS-CoV-2.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Trained Immunity in Childhood Vaccination.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Review
- The epigenetic-metabolic axis of trained immunity: dual roles in disease pathogenesis and intervention.Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Source-specific priming of lung NK cells by Pseudomonas LPS enhances resistance to bacterial pneumonia.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Targeting tissue immune memory in chronic-remitting autoimmune kidney diseases: current concepts and future therapies.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- Article
- Macrophage heterogeneity in human secondary lymphoid organs.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2026Review
- Review
- Trained immunity: New insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in diabetes and diabetic complications.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- No Association of Prior Administration of Selected Vaccines with Lymphoma Prognosis.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Metabolic-epigenetic rewiring of CCR5Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Innate immunity: current understandings and future perspectives.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Trained Immunity in Host Defense: Mechanisms, Pathogen Interactions, and Therapeutic Potential.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- γδ T Cells at the Crossroads of Tuberculosis and COPD: From Early Immunity to Tissue Remodeling.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
645 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The tuberculosis vaccine bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has heterologous beneficial effects against non-related infections. The basis of these effects has been poorly explored in humans. In a randomized placebo-controlled human challenge study, we found that BCG vaccination induced genome-wide epigenetic reprograming of monocytes and protected against experimental infection with an attenuated yellow fever virus vaccine strain. Epigenetic reprogramming was accompanied by functional changes indicative of trained immunity. Reduction of viremia was highly correlated with the upregulation of IL-1β, a heterologous cytokine associated with the induction of trained immunity, but not with the specific IFNγ response. The importance of IL-1β for the induction of trained immunity was validated through genetic, epigenetic, and immunological studies. In conclusion, BCG induces epigenetic reprogramming in human monocytes in vivo, followed by functional reprogramming and protection against non-related viral infections, with a key role for IL-1β as a mediator of trained immunity responses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.