ReviewNPJ schizophrenia2018
The effect of raloxifene augmentation in men and women with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in NPJ schizophrenia, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials of Anti-Inflammatory Agents in Early-Stage Psychotic Disorders.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Pooled it
- Pharmacological and Somatic Treatments for First-Episode Psychosis and Schizophrenia: Synopsis of the US Department of Veterans Affairs and US Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Guideline
- Raloxifene as an Adjuvant Therapy for Patients With Schizophrenia: An Up-To-Date Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Pharmacological Treatment of Women with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.Current psychiatry reports · 2023Pooled it
- Adjunctive agents to antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a systematic umbrella review and recommendations for amino acids, hormonal therapies and anti-inflammatory drugs.BMJ mental health · 2023Pooled it
- Exacerbation of Psychosis During the Perimenstrual Phase of the Menstrual Cycle: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2020Pooled it
- The Direct and Long-Term Effects of Raloxifene as Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2023Trial
- Effects of raloxifene on cognition in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a 24-week double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2020Trial
- Specificity proteins 1 and 4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia: a 24-week double-blind, randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2019Trial
- Schizophrenia: from mechanism to therapy.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Raloxifene and progesterone neuroprotection in a female mouse model of Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- The effect of age on the clinical presentation and treatment of women with psychosis: secondary analysis of the IMPaCT Randomised Clinical Trial.BJPsych open · 2025Article
- Sex-informed estrogen receptor modulation in schizophrenia: a male-focused ERβ/GPER1 framework for cognitive and negative symptoms.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Cross-ancestry analysis of brain QTLs enhances interpretation of schizophrenia genome-wide association studies.American journal of human genetics · 2024Article
- The excitatory-inhibitory balance as a target for the development of novel drugs to treat schizophrenia.Biochemical pharmacology · 2024Review
- Pharmacological Treatments of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia-An Update.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Pharmacological management of neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia: A narrative review.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2024Review
- Pharmacological Treatment of Cognitive Impairment Associated With Schizophrenia: State of the Art and Future Perspectives.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2024Article
- Immunological Biomarkers as Predictors of Treatment Response in Psychotic Disorders.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
- An NIMH Workshop on Non-Affective Psychosis in Midlife and Beyond: Research Agenda on Phenomenology, Clinical Trajectories, Underlying Mechanisms, and Intervention Targets.The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Recognizing the robust sex differences in schizophrenia prevalence, the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene is a likely candidate for augmentation therapy in this disorder. Therefore, a systematic search was performed using PubMed (Medline), Embase, PsychInfo, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of raloxifene in schizophrenia spectrum disorders were included in the quantitative analyses. Outcome measures were psychotic symptom severity, depression, and cognition. Meta-analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. A random-effects model was used to compute overall weighted effect sizes in Hedges' g. Nine studies were included, investigating 561 patients with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Raloxifene was superior to placebo in improving total symptom severity (N = 482; Hedge's g = .57, p = 0.009), as well as positive (N = 561; Hedge's g = 0.32, p = 0.02), negative (N = 561; Hedge's g = 0.40, p = 0.02), and general (N = 526; Hedge's g = 0.46, p = 0.01) subscales, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. No significant effects were found for comorbid depression and cognitive functioning. Altogether, these results confirm the potential of raloxifene augmentation in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.