Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29319049›Full record

ReviewBritish journal of cancer2018

Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Russell W Jenkins, David A Barbie, Keith T Flaherty

Registry-linked trialAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in British journal of cancer, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07072325 (A Clinical Study Assessing the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Efficacy of CD-001 in Patients With Advanced Head & Neck Cancers), which is not on this map. Cited by 862 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
862citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07072325 phase1not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2025, after this paper: background citation

A Clinical Study Assessing the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Preliminary Efficacy of CD-001 in Patients With Advanced Head & Neck Cancers

TypeinterventionalSponsorWest China HospitalRan2025 to 2028Enrolled9ConditionsMalignant Neoplasm, Head &Amp, Neck Cancer, Head and Neck CancerArmsCD-001
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

862 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Pooled it
  4. Systemic treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced psoriasis: Inference-based guidance.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2025
    Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Trial
  7. Trial
  8. LRP1b Loss Predicts Sensitivity to Immunotherapy in Patients with NSCLC: An Analysis of the Phase III CheckMate-026 Randomized Trial.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025
    Trial
  9. Trial
  10. Trial
  11. Article
  12. BiohybridMaterials today. Bio · 2026
    Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. TIGITCancers · 2026
    Article
  16. Liquid biopsy in bladder cancer: towards precision oncology.Journal of translational medicine · 2026
    Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Review

802 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Russell W JenkinsDivision of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
David A BarbieDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215 USA.
Keith T FlahertyDivision of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting CTLA-4 and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis have shown unprecedented clinical activity in several types of cancer and are rapidly transforming the practice of medical oncology. Whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy and small molecule inhibitors ('targeted therapies') largely act on cancer cells directly, immune checkpoint inhibitors reinvigorate anti-tumour immune responses by disrupting co-inhibitory T-cell signalling. While resistance routinely develops in patients treated with conventional cancer therapies and targeted therapies, durable responses suggestive of long-lasting immunologic memory are commonly seen in large subsets of patients treated with ICI. However, initial response appears to be a binary event, with most non-responders to single-agent ICI therapy progressing at a rate consistent with the natural history of disease. In addition, late relapses are now emerging with longer follow-up of clinical trial populations, suggesting the emergence of acquired resistance. As robust biomarkers to predict clinical response and/or resistance remain elusive, the mechanisms underlying innate (primary) and acquired (secondary) resistance are largely inferred from pre-clinical studies and correlative clinical data. Improved understanding of molecular and immunologic mechanisms of ICI response (and resistance) may not only identify novel predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers, but also ultimately guide optimal combination/sequencing of ICI therapy in the clinic. Here we review the emerging clinical and pre-clinical data identifying novel mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibition.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, NeoplasmAnimalsHumansImmunologic FactorsImmunotherapyMolecular Targeted TherapyNeoplasmsSignal TransductionT-LymphocytesImmunologic Factors

Identifiers

PMID29319049
PMCPMC5765236

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.