ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2018
Problematic Smartphone Use, Deep and Surface Approaches to Learning, and Social Media Use in Lectures.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The relationship between academic burnout and problematic smartphone use: a three-level meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- A meta-analysis of the impact of technology related factors on students' academic performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Pooled it
- The relationship between smartphone addiction and sleep among medical students: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- Media use during adolescence: the recommendations of the Italian Pediatric Society.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- The mediating and moderating effects of learning engagement and physical exercise on the mobile phone addiction and academic burnout.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Self-Compassion and Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese Medical Students: The Serial Mediating Role of Nighttime Media Use.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Use of Instagram as an Educational Strategy for Learning Animal Reproduction.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Impact of Mobile Phone Usage on Sleep Quality Among Medical Students Across Latin America: Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring the Relationship between Smartphone Addiction, Quality of Life, and Personality Traits in University Students.Iranian journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- A comparative study of learners' conceptions of and approaches to learning English between high school students in urban and rural areas of China.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- The Relationship Between Smartphone Overuse and Academic Achievement Among Undergraduate Nursing Students.Cureus · 2023Article
- Cross Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Version of Smart Phone Addiction Scale in the Persian Language.Iranian journal of psychiatry · 2023Article
- Established Adults, Who Self-Identify as Smartphone and/or Social Media Overusers, Struggle to Balance Smartphone Use for Personal and Work Purposes.Journal of adult development · 2023Article
- The effects of online game addiction on reduced academic achievement motivation among Chinese college students: the mediating role of learning engagement.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- The Relationship between Physical Activity and College Students' Mobile Phone Addiction: The Chain-Based Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and Social Adaptation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Maximizing Benefit of Virtual Learning: Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.The Journal of surgical research · 2022Article
- Associations between problematic smartphone use and behavioural difficulties, quality of life, and school performance among children and adolescents.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
- The role of metacognition in promoting deep learning in MOOCs during COVID-19 pandemic.PeerJ. Computer science · 2022Article
- The Mediating Roles of Time Management and Learning Strategic Approach in the Relationship Between Smartphone Addiction and Academic Procrastination.Psychology research and behavior management · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Several studies have shown that problematic smartphone use (PSU) is related to detrimental outcomes, such as worse psychological well-being, higher cognitive distraction, and poorer academic outcomes. In addition, many studies have shown that PSU is strongly related to social media use. Despite this, the relationships between PSU, as well as the frequency of social media use in lectures, and different approaches to learning have not been previously studied. In our study, we hypothesized that both PSU and the frequency of social media use in lectures are negatively correlated with a deep approach to learning (defined as learning for understanding) and positively correlated with a surface approach to learning (defined as superficial learning). The study participants were 415 Estonian university students aged 19-46 years (78.8% females; age M = 23.37, SD = 4.19); the effective sample comprised 405 participants aged 19-46 years (79.0% females; age M = 23.33, SD = 4.21). In addition to basic socio-demographics, participants were asked about the frequency of their social media use in lectures, and they filled out the Estonian Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale and the Estonian Revised Study Process Questionnaire. Bivariate correlation analysis showed that PSU and the frequency of social media use in lectures were negatively correlated with a deep approach to learning and positively correlated with a surface approach to learning. Mediation analysis showed that social media use in lectures completely mediates the relationship between PSU and approaches to learning. These results indicate that the frequency of social media use in lectures might explain the relationships between poorer academic outcomes and PSU.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.