ReviewRadiologia brasileira
Breast imaging in patients with nipple discharge.
Review in Radiologia brasileira. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Role of duct excision surgery in the treatment of pathological nipple discharge and detection of breast carcinoma: systematic review.BJS open · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- Clinical Characteristics and Independent Risk Factors for Pathologic Nipple Discharge of 375 Cases.The breast journal · 2025Article
- Surgical outcomes of total duct excision in the diagnosis and management of nipple discharge.Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England · 2024Article
- Advances in fibreoptic ductoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of pathologic papillary overflow.Heliyon · 2024Review
- A Second Ductoscopy Procedure in Patients with Recurrent and Persistent Pathological Nipple Discharge.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Stereotaxic Core-Needle Biopsy in Assessing Intraductal Pathologic Findings at Ductography.European journal of breast health · 2022Article
- Feasibility of Narrow-Band Imaging, Intraductal Biopsy, and Laser Ablation During Mammary Ductoscopy: Protocol for an Interventional Study.International journal of surgery protocols · 2022Article
- Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of pathologic nipple discharge: indications and imaging findings.The British journal of radiology · 2021Review
- Unusual Radiological Features of a Breast Cancer Patient Presenting with Nipple Discharge in Hong Kong.Radiology case reports · 2021Article
- Low-dose CT combined mammography in diagnosis of overflow breast disease: A protocol of systematic review.Medicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Nipple discharge is a common symptom in clinical practice, representing the third leading breast complaint, after pain and lumps. It is usually limited and has a benign etiology. The risk of malignancy is higher when the discharge is uniductal, unilateral, spontaneous, persistent, bloody, or serous, as well as when it is accompanied by a breast mass. The most common causes of pathologic nipple discharge are papilloma and ductal ectasia. However, there is a 5% risk of malignancy, mainly ductal carcinoma in situ. The clinical examination is an essential part of the patient evaluation, allowing benign nipple discharge to be distinguished from suspicious nipple discharge, which calls for imaging. Mammography and ultrasound should be used together as first-line imaging methods. However, mammography has low sensitivity in cases of nipple discharge, because, typically, the lesions are small, are retroareolar, and contain no calcifications. Because the reported sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound, it is important to use the correct technique to search for intraductal lesions in the retroareolar region. Recent studies recommend the use of magnetic resonance imaging in cases of suspicious nipple discharge in which the mammography and ultrasound findings are normal. The most common magnetic resonance imaging finding is non-mass enhancement. Surgery is no longer the only solution for patients with suspicious nipple discharge, because short-time follow-up can be safely proposed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.