ArticlePLoS pathogens2018
Exosomes serve as novel modes of tick-borne flavivirus transmission from arthropod to human cells and facilitates dissemination of viral RNA and proteins to the vertebrate neuronal cells.
Article in PLoS pathogens, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 116 papers.
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Who cites it
116 citing papers in PubMed, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exosome biogenesis in arthropods: conserved mechanisms, experimental evidence, and emerging directions.Annals of the Entomological Society of America · 2026Review
- hTERT-immortalized mesenchymal stem cell-derived EV treatment reduces ZIKV-induced cortical neuronal death, infection, and exosome-mediated transmission.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Co-release of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA and structural proteins via virus-like particles and extracellular vesicles.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Arthropod exosomal glycine-rich protein as a potential vaccine candidate effectively reduces tick blood-feeding and pathogen transmission.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Persistent and Long-Term Infectivity of Dengue Virus in Mosquito Cells Revealed Reduced Replication in Vector Host and Human Endothelial Cells.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Interactions between extracellular vesicles and viruses: lessons learned across species and kingdoms.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles in viral disease management.Current research in microbial sciences · 2026Review
- Zika Virus Infection Is More Highly Replicative and Transmissible by Extracellular Vesicles in Human than in Mouse Neuronal Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Lipids, Tetraspanins, and Exosomes: Cell Factors inViruses · 2025Review
- Integrative Mechanistic Studies Identify Reticulon-3 as a Critical Modulator of Infectious Exosome-Driven Dengue Pathogenesis.Viruses · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles in Arthropods: Biogenesis, Functions, Isolation Methods and Applications.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Review
- Mosquito Exosomal Tetraspanin CD151 Facilitates Flaviviral Transmission and Interacts with ZIKV and DENV2 Viral Proteins.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Pharmacological Agent GW4869 Inhibits Tick-Borne Langat Virus Replication to Affect Extracellular Vesicles Secretion.Viruses · 2025Article
- Zika Virus Infection Modulates Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Morphology in Human Umbilical Cord Endothelial Cells: A Proteomic and Microscopic Analysis.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Nonlytic Egress and Transmission in the Virus World.Annual review of biochemistry · 2025Review
- Dengue virus modulates critical cell cycle regulatory proteins in human megakaryocyte cells.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- An Emphasis on the Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Viral Gene Expression, Pathogenesis, and Innate Immunity in Viral Chicken Diseases.Non-coding RNA · 2025Review
- Changes and application prospects of biomolecular materials in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) after flavivirus infection.European journal of medical research · 2025Review
56 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Molecular determinants and mechanisms of arthropod-borne flavivirus transmission to the vertebrate host are poorly understood. In this study, we show for the first time that a cell line from medically important arthropods, such as ticks, secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes that mediate transmission of flavivirus RNA and proteins to the human cells. Our study shows that tick-borne Langat virus (LGTV), a model pathogen closely related to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), profusely uses arthropod exosomes for transmission of viral RNA and proteins to the human- skin keratinocytes and blood endothelial cells. Cryo-electron microscopy showed the presence of purified arthropod/neuronal exosomes with the size range of 30 to 200 nm in diameter. Both positive and negative strands of LGTV RNA and viral envelope-protein were detected inside exosomes derived from arthropod, murine and human cells. Detection of Nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein in arthropod and neuronal exosomes further suggested that exosomes contain viral proteins. Viral RNA and proteins in exosomes derived from tick and mammalian cells were secured, highly infectious and replicative in all tested evaluations. Treatment with GW4869, a selective inhibitor that blocks exosome release affected LGTV loads in both arthropod and mammalian cell-derived exosomes. Transwell-migration assays showed that exosomes derived from infected-brain-microvascular endothelial cells (that constitute the blood-brain barrier) facilitated LGTV RNA and protein transmission, crossing of the barriers and infection of neuronal cells. Neuronal infection showed abundant loads of both tick-borne LGTV and mosquito-borne West Nile virus RNA in exosomes. Our data also suggest that exosome-mediated LGTV viral transmission is clathrin-dependent. Collectively, our results suggest that flaviviruses uses arthropod-derived exosomes as a novel means for viral RNA and protein transmission from the vector, and the vertebrate exosomes for dissemination within the host that may subsequently allow neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.