ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2018
The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of the Pollen Deposition and Carrying Efficiency of Four Wild Pollinators for Oil-Seed Camellia Trees.Insects · 2026Article
- Fungus-infected Meiogyne flowers offer a brood site for beetle pollinators in a tripartite nursery pollination system.Annals of botany · 2025Article
- Article
- Quantifying the complexity of plant reproductive structures reveals a history of morphological and functional integration.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2023Article
- Is there silicon in flowers and what does it tell us?Ecology and evolution · 2023Article
- Molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution in wild animals and plants.Science China. Life sciences · 2023Review
- Conical petal epidermal cells, regulated by the MYB transcription factor MIXTA, have an ancient origin within the angiosperms.Journal of experimental botany · 2022Article
- Functional Differentiation of Floral Color and Scent in Gall Midge Pollination: A Study of a Schisandraceae Plant.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Direct evidence for eudicot pollen-feeding in a Cretaceous stinging wasp (Angiospermae; Hymenoptera, Aculeata) preserved in Burmese amber.Communications biology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve 'generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observations of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these findings with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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