ArticleHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2018
Determinants of BCG scarification among children in rural Guinea-Bissau: A prospective cohort study.
Article in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety of BCG vaccination and revaccination in healthcare workers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Seasonal variation in the non-specific effects of BCG vaccination on neonatal mortality: three randomised controlled trials in Guinea-Bissau.BMJ global health · 2020Trial
- Unleashing the power of the BCG vaccine in modulating viral immunity through heterologous protection: A scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Scar among Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccinated Children Presenting to an Immunisation Clinic at a Tertiary Hospital in Nepal: An Observational Study.JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association · 2025Observational
- Revamping the BCG revaccination strategy: Records to recall, or just call it phoenix?Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- Evolution of theVaccine: X · 2023Article
- Erratum: Factors influencing scar formation following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Factors influencing scar formation following Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Article
- Correlation between innate and adaptive immunity response in TB children post BCG vaccination. Is it effective or not?: Cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Article
- 100 years of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy: from cattle to COVID-19.Nature reviews. Urology · 2021Review
- BCG skin reactions by 2 months of age are associated with better survival in infancy: a prospective observational study from Guinea-Bissau.BMJ global health · 2020Observational
- A new step toward tuberculosis vaccine?EBioMedicine · 2020Article
- Article
- BCG as a Case Study for Precision Vaccine Development: Lessons From Vaccine Heterogeneity, Trained Immunity, and Immune Ontogeny.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Article
- Can earlier BCG vaccination reduce early infant mortality? Study protocol for a cluster randomised trial in Guinea-Bissau.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Article
- BCG scar, socioeconomic and nutritional status: a study of newborns in urban area of Makassar, Indonesia.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2019Article
- Special focus on challenges and opportunities for the development and use of vaccines in Africa.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundBacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination may have beneficial non-specific effects on child survival, the effects being stronger for children developing a scar. In a prospective cohort study, we examined determinants for not developing a BCG scar within 6 months of vaccination.
methodsBandim Health Project (BHP) runs a Health and Demographic Surveillance System site in rural Guinea-Bissau. BHP provides BCG at monthly visits. We studied determinants for not developing a BCG scar using binomial regression models to obtain relative risks (RR).
resultsFrom May 2012 until October 2014, BHP nurses vaccinated 2415 infants with BCG. We assessed BCG scar between 6 and 12 months of age for 2156 (89%) of these children and 2115 (98%) had developed a scar. In comparison, among 785 children BCG vaccinated elsewhere, 622 (79%) had a scar, the RR of not having a scar being 10.91 (7.52-15.85) compared with children vaccinated by BHP. Among children vaccinated by BHP, those receiving the Russian BCG strain were more likely not to develop a scar (RR = 2.98 (1.52-5.81)) compared with children receiving Danish BCG strain. Children with no post-injection wheal or a wheal <3 mm were more likely to not develop a scar (RR = 9.05 (3.69-22.20) and RR = 4.74 (1.96-11.45), respectively). Nutritional status and socioeconomic status were not associated with scarification.
conclusionVaccination technique and vaccine strain were associated with BCG scar development while nutritional status and socioeconomic status were not. Scarring rate may therefore be a better indicator of vaccination programme performance than coverage.
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