ArticleBMJ open2017
Our Health Counts Toronto: using respondent-driven sampling to unmask census undercounts of an urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada.
Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples Living in Urban Areas of Canada and Their Access to Healthcare: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- The Right to Be Counted: Unmasking First Nations and Métis Population Undercounts in Winnipeg, Manitoba.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Measuring Indigenous homelessness: Findings from Our Health Counts Toronto.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Our Health Counts Toronto: Commercial tobacco use among Indigenous peoples in Toronto.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Design and implementation of the Our Health Counts (OHC) methodology for First Nations, Inuit, and Metis (FNIM) health assessment and response in urban and related homelands.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Our Health Counts: Examining associations between colonialism and ever being incarcerated among First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people in London, Thunder Bay, and Toronto, Canada.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Mental health and cultural continuity among an urban Indigenous population in Toronto, Canada.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Relationships to land as a determinant of wellness for Indigenous women, two-spirit, trans, and gender diverse people of reproductive age in Toronto, Canada.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Modelling prevalent cardiovascular disease in an urban Indigenous population.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- Unmasking population undercounts, health inequities, and health service access barriers across Indigenous populations in urban Ontario.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2024Article
- The Threefold Path to Equity: Approaches for Health and Aging Researchers.The Gerontologist · 2024Article
- Misracialization of Indigenous people in population health and mortality studies: a scoping review to establish promising practices.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Article
- Changes in Children and Youth's Mental Health Presentations during COVID-19: A Study of Primary Care Practices in Northern Ontario, Canada.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- "International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Trends in Inuit health services utilisation in Manitoba: findings from theInternational journal of circumpolar health · 2022Article
- Using Concept Mapping to Define Indigenous Housing First in Hamilton, Ontario.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Uncovering SARS-COV-2 vaccine uptake and COVID-19 impacts among First Nations, Inuit and Métis Peoples living in Toronto and London, Ontario.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2022Article
- Addressing the need for indigenous and decolonized quantitative research methods in Canada.SSM - population health · 2021Article
- Long-distance travel for birthing among Indigenous and non-Indigenous pregnant people in Canada.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2021Article
- Concrete Lessons: Policies and Practices Affecting the Impact of COVID-19 for Urban Indigenous Communities in the United States and Canada.Frontiers in sociology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo provide evidence of the magnitude of census undercounts of 'hard-to-reach' subpopulations and to improve estimation of the size of the urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada, using respondent-driven sampling (RDS).
designRespondent-driven sampling.
settingThe study took place in the urban indigenous community in Toronto, Canada. Three locations within the city were used to recruit study participants.
participants908 adult participants (15+) who self-identified as indigenous (First Nation, Inuit or Métis) and lived in the city of Toronto. Study participants were generally young with over 60% of indigenous adults under the age of 45 years. Household income was low with approximately two-thirds of the sample living in households which earned less than $C20 000 last year. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: We collected baseline data on demographic characteristics, including indigenous identity, age, gender, income, household type and household size. Our primary outcome asked: 'Did you complete the 2011 Census Canada questionnaire?'
resultsUsing RDS and our large-scale survey of the urban indigenous population in Toronto, Canada, we have shown that the most recent Canadian census underestimated the size of the indigenous population in Toronto by a factor of 2 to 4. Specifically, under conservative assumptions, there are approximately 55 000 (95% CI 45 000 to 73 000) indigenous people living in Toronto, at least double the current estimate of 19 270.
conclusionsOur indigenous enumeration methods, including RDS and census completion information will have broad impacts across governmental and health policy, potentially improving healthcare access for this community. These novel applications of RDS may be relevant for the enumeration of other 'hard-to-reach' populations, such as illegal immigrants or homeless individuals in Canada and beyond.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
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