ArticleEuropean journal of dentistry
The prevalence of halitosis (oral malodor) and associated factors among dental students and interns, Lahore, Pakistan.
Article in European journal of dentistry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of water flossing on gingival inflammation and supragingival plaque microbiota: a 12-week randomized controlled trial.Clinical oral investigations · 2023Trial
- Clinical and Microbiological Changes Following Multi-Strain Probiotic Mouthrinse Use in Dental Students with Halitosis: A Prospective Single-Arm Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2026Article
- Comparative Assessment of Halitosis and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among Children and Young Adults with Clear Aligners, Those with Lingual Orthodontics, and Non-Orthodontic Controls: A Cross-Sectional Study with Dietary Subgroup Analyses.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Self-perceived halitosis and associated factors among university students in Dhaka, Bangladesh.BMC oral health · 2024Article
- Accuracy of two methods to detect the presence of halitosis: the volatile sulfur compounds concentration in the mouth air and the information from a close person.Journal of applied oral science : revista FOB · 2023Article
- Oral microbiome as a co-mediator of halitosis and periodontitis: a narrative review.Frontiers in oral health · 2023Review
- The tongue biofilm metatranscriptome identifies metabolic pathways associated with the presence or absence of halitosis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2022Article
- Quality of Life, Satisfaction, Occlusal Force, and Halitosis after Direct and Indirect Relining of Inferior Complete Dentures.European journal of dentistry · 2022Article
- Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors (KAB) of German Dental Students: Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- Knowledge and perception of parents regarding halitosis in their children in Saudi Arabia.The Saudi dental journal · 2021Article
- The Prevalence and Determinant Factors of Oral Halitosis in Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2021Article
- The Underestimated Problem of Intra-Oral Halitosis in Dental Practice: An Expert Consensus Review.Clinical, cosmetic and investigational dentistry · 2020Review
- Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences.Open access Macedonian journal of medical sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of halitosis and the factors associated with it among dental students and interns in Lahore, Pakistan.
methodsA cross-sectional study design was chosen, and a sample of dental students and interns was collected from seven dental colleges in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 833 participants were approached in person as convenient sample population. A self-reported questionnaire was administered and informed consent was obtained. The associations between oral malodor and different variables of the study were explored using analytical statistics (Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis). Statistical significance was determined using a 95% confidence interval (CI).
resultsSix hundred and fifteen participants (aged 19-27 years) completed the survey with a response rate of 73.8%. The prevalence of self-reported halitosis was 75.1%. More female (51.4%) than male students (23.7%) reported oral malodor, and most participants (61%) reported early morning halitosis. Thirteen percent of respondents had examination for oral malodor by a dentist and 37.6% treated the condition with self-medication. Binary logistic regression model showed that male gender (odds ratio [OR] =0.44, CI = 0.22-0.87), daily use of dental floss (OR = 0.28, CI = 0.13-0.58), and drinking tea with mint (OR = 0.44, CI = 0.22-0.89) were significantly associated with oral malodor. The participants with tongue coating had higher odds (OR = 2.75, CI = 1.13-6.69) of having oral malodor than those without tongue coating, and the association was statistically significant.
conclusionsThe study identified high prevalence of oral malodor among dental students and interns. They should receive appropriate diagnosis and management of the condition from dentist. The regular use of dental floss and removal of tongue coating can significantly reduce halitosis.
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