ArticleMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy2018
Self-Amplifying RNA Vaccines Give Equivalent Protection against Influenza to mRNA Vaccines but at Much Lower Doses.
Article in Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04934111 (A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02, a Self-amplifying Ribonucleic Acid), which is not on this map. Cited by 300 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Immunogenicity of LNP-nCOV saRNA-02, a Self-amplifying Ribonucleic Acid (saRNA) Vaccine, in SARS-CoV-2 Seronegative and Seropositive Uganda Population
Who cites it
300 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 478 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic and thematic analysis of the top 100 cited articles on mRNA vaccine indexed in Scopus database.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Vaccines for COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Immunogenicity, Current Development, and Future Prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of an optimized self-replicating RNA platform for low dose or single dose vaccine applications: a randomized, open label Phase I study in healthy volunteers.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of the self-amplifying mRNA ARCT-154 COVID-19 vaccine: pooled phase 1, 2, 3a and 3b randomized, controlled trials.Nature communications · 2024Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 self-amplifying RNA vaccine expressing an anchored RBD: A randomized, observer-blind phase 1 study.Cell reports. Medicine · 2023Trial
- A self-amplifying mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate induces safe and robust protective immunity in preclinical models.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2022Trial
- Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: Progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Influence of the administration route and dose on the expression and antibody responses of a reporter and avian influenza self-amplifying mRNA vaccine in poultry.The veterinary quarterly · 2026Article
- Codon Optimality Modulates Cellular Stress and Innate Immune Responses Triggered by Exogenous RNAs.Journal of molecular biology · 2026Article
- Bioengineering strategies for improving the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Towards mRNA therapeutics 2.0.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Tuning intracellular immunity by Nodamura virus B2 protein enhances self-amplifying RNA activity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Sindbis virus self-amplifying replicon is compatible with modified nucleotides mediating expression and vaccine responsesMolecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Lipid nanoparticles enable mRNA delivery to diverse cell types of the inner Retina.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Research Progress, Application, and Industrialization Prospects of Circular RNA Vaccines in Viral Diseases.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Transgene sequence codon optimization and composition determines replication competence of self-amplifying RNA.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity and safety of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with juvenile immune mediated inflammatory disease.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Article
- A low-dose self-amplifying mRNA vaccine encoding HPV16 E6/E7 induces potent T-cell immunity and antitumor protection in mice.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Enhanced efficacy of a next-generation EEEV self-replicating RNA platform for combination cancer immunotherapies.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026Article
240 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
New vaccine platforms are needed to address the time gap between pathogen emergence and vaccine licensure. RNA-based vaccines are an attractive candidate for this role: they are safe, are produced cell free, and can be rapidly generated in response to pathogen emergence. Two RNA vaccine platforms are available: synthetic mRNA molecules encoding only the antigen of interest and self-amplifying RNA (sa-RNA). sa-RNA is virally derived and encodes both the antigen of interest and proteins enabling RNA vaccine replication. Both platforms have been shown to induce an immune response, but it is not clear which approach is optimal. In the current studies, we compared synthetic mRNA and sa-RNA expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin. Both platforms were protective, but equivalent levels of protection were achieved using 1.25 μg sa-RNA compared to 80 μg mRNA (64-fold less material). Having determined that sa-RNA was more effective than mRNA, we tested hemagglutinin from three strains of influenza H1N1, H3N2 (X31), and B (Massachusetts) as sa-RNA vaccines, and all protected against challenge infection. When sa-RNA was combined in a trivalent formulation, it protected against sequential H1N1 and H3N2 challenges. From this we conclude that sa-RNA is a promising platform for vaccines against viral diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.