ArticleSchizophrenia bulletin2018
Retinal Layer Abnormalities as Biomarkers of Schizophrenia.
Article in Schizophrenia bulletin, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroretinal Alterations in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: An Updated Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Pooled it
- Retina as a potential biomarker in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of optical coherence tomography and electroretinography.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Retinal layers and associated clinical factors in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- A Meta-analysis of Retinal Cytoarchitectural Abnormalities in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2020Pooled it
- Retinal Changes in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Based on Individual Participant Data.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2020Pooled it
- Retinal cytoarchitectural alterations across the psychosis spectrum and their correlates with cognition: a UK biobank nested case-control study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the Electroconvulsive Therapy's Impact on Retinal Structures in First-Episode Psychosis Patients Using Optical Coherence Tomography.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Retina in Clinical High-Risk and First-Episode Psychosis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Risk of retinal disease and visual impairment in individuals with psychiatric disorders.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Thinning of central foveal thickness in the retina of patients with schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
- Painting psychosis: an empirical investigation of the self-portraits of Edvard Munch.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Retinal biomarkers in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: evidence and implications for the neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- Retinal abnormalities and their relationship with social cognition in patients with schizophrenia and their healthy siblings.Dusunen adam : Bakirkoy Ruh ve Sinir Hastaliklari Hastanesi yayin organi · 2024Article
- Evaluation of insomnia effect on ganglion cell complex, middle retina, and choroid.International ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Specific association between retinal neural layer thinning and neurological soft signs in schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2024Article
- Oculomics: A Crusade Against the Four Horsemen of Chronic Disease.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Review
- Optical Coherence Tomography in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2024Article
- Commentary: Visual Hallucinations in Psychosis: The Curious Absence of the Primary Visual Cortex.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2024Article
- Optical coherence tomography reveals retinal thinning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2023Article
- Present and Future Modeling of Human Psychiatric Connectopathies With Brain Organoids.Biological psychiatry · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Objective: Schizophrenia is associated with several brain deficits, as well as visual processing deficits, but clinically useful biomarkers are elusive. We hypothesized that retinal layer changes, noninvasively visualized using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), may represent a possible "window" to these abnormalities. Methods: A Leica EnvisuTM SD-OCT device was used to obtain high-resolution central foveal B-scans in both eyes of 35 patients with schizophrenia and 50 demographically matched controls. Manual retinal layer segmentation was performed to acquire individual and combined layer thickness measurements in 3 macular regions. Contrast sensitivity was measured at 3 spatial frequencies in a subgroup of each cohort. Differences were compared using adjusted linear models and significantly different layer measures in patients underwent Spearman Rank correlations with contrast sensitivity, quantified symptoms severity, disease duration, and antipsychotic medication dose. Results: Total retinal and photoreceptor complex thickness was reduced in all regions in patients (P < .0001). Segmentation revealed consistent thinning of the outer nuclear layer (P < .001) and inner segment layer (P < .05), as well as a pattern of parafoveal ganglion cell changes. Low spatial frequency contrast sensitivity was reduced in patients (P = .002) and correlated with temporal parafoveal ganglion cell complex thinning (R = .48, P = .01). Negative symptom severity was inversely correlated with foveal photoreceptor complex thickness (R = -.54, P = .001) and outer nuclear layer thickness (R = -.47, P = .005). Conclusions: Our novel findings demonstrate considerable retinal layer abnormalities in schizophrenia that are related to clinical features and visual function. With time, SD-OCT could provide easily-measurable biomarkers to facilitate clinical assessment and further our understanding of the disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.