ReviewJoints2017
Risk Factors for Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts.
Review in Joints, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 67 citations in OpenAlex.
- The diabetic shoulder: association between diabetes mellitus and adhesive capsulitis - a systematic review and meta-analysis.International orthopaedics · 2026Pooled it
- Diabetes as a risk factor for the onset of frozen shoulder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2023Pooled it
- Prognostic factors for the occurrence of post-operative shoulder stiffness after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: a systematic review.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2022Pooled it
- Radial shock-wave therapy for frozen shoulder patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot trial comparing two different energy levels.European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine · 2022Trial
- Recovery Trajectory of Range of Motion and Its Association With Patient Factors During Early Postoperative Stiffness After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Development of a Multidomain Conceptual Framework for Frozen Shoulder: A Systematic Review Integrating Clinical, Biological, Psychological and Lifestyle-Related Contributors.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Gene expression and histological assessment of capsular fibrosis in post-traumatic shoulder stiffness following plate fixation of proximal humeral fractures: an exploratory pilot study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Signaling pathway networks in frozen shoulder fibrosis: from inflammatory initiation to fibrotic progression.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Postoperative Stiffness After Upper Limb Surgery: Prevention and Management.Orthopedic reviews · 2026Article
- From inflammatory activation to fibrotic remodeling: the central role of macrophage heterogeneity in frozen shoulder.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Preoperative testosterone replacement therapy: a potential risk-factor for complications and reoperation after rotator cuff repair.JSES international · 2026Article
- Influence of demographic and pathological factors on the clinical course and outcomes of the arthroscopic frozen shoulder 360° release.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2025Article
- Efficacy of manipulation under anesthesia with ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma injection in shoulder stiffness concomitant with rotator cuff injury.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2025Article
- Type 2 diabetes, metabolic health, and the development of frozen shoulder: a cohort study in UK electronic health records.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Complications associated with postoperative stiffness following rotator cuff repair.European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie · 2025Article
- The effect of preemptive middle glenohumeral ligament release, following release of the rotator interval and coracohumeral ligament, in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair of small- to medium-sized tears to prevent postoperative stiffness: a retrospective comparative study.JSES reviews, reports, and techniques · 2024Article
- Association of Range of Motion Deficit and Recurrence of Pain After Treatment of Adhesive Capsulitis.Pain and therapy · 2024Article
- [Adhesive capsulitis].Radiologie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- A new perspective of frozen shoulder pathology; the interplay between the brain and the immune system.Frontiers in physiology · 2024Review
- Is preoperative elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) a risk factor for postoperative shoulder stiffness after posterior-superior rotator cuff repair?JSES international · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Shoulder stiffness is a condition of painful restriction of the glenohumeral range of motion. Numerous risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness have been described. This article summarizes the known aspects of the pathophysiology of shoulder stiffness, with special attention to elements of molecular biology and genetics, which could influence the risk of developing shoulder stiffness. Furthermore, the role of hormonal and metabolic factors, medical disorders, drugs, and of other published risk factors for primary and postoperative shoulder stiffness is reviewed and discussed. Finally, aspects related to shoulder surgery and postoperative rehabilitation protocols, which could influence the development of postoperative stiffness are presented.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.