Observational studyAmerican journal of public health2018
Effect of the Affordable Care Act on Breastfeeding Outcomes.
Observational study in American journal of public health, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Breastfeeding is Possible: A Systematic Review on the Feasibility and Challenges of Breastfeeding Among Breast Cancer Survivors of Reproductive Age.Annals of surgical oncology · 2021Pooled it
- Understanding Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Outcomes in a Sample of African American Women.Maternal and child health journal · 2022Trial
- A National Survey: Trends in U.S. Postpartum Pumping Practices After Term Deliveries.Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine · 2025Article
- Easing Cash Assistance Rules and Breastfeeding.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- The role of nurses, midwives, and doulas on breastfeeding: changes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- Quantifying the Association between Pump Use and Breastfeeding Duration.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Pumps: A Possible Tool to Promote More Equitable Lactation Outcomes.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2024Review
- Beliefs and Decision-Making of First-Time Mothers Planning to Use a Breast Pump.The Journal of perinatal education · 2023Article
- Exclusive Breastfeeding in Health Personnel: Incidence and Barriers.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Workplace Leave and Breastfeeding Duration Among Postpartum Women, 2016-2018.American journal of public health · 2021Article
- Acute care utilization disparities among publicly insured preterm infants.Pediatric research · 2021Article
- Article
- Medicaid expansion and infant mortality, revisited: A difference-in-differences analysis.Health services research · 2020Article
- Trends in Food Consumption Patterns of US Infants and Toddlers from Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies (FITS) in 2002, 2008, 2016.Nutrients · 2019Article
- National Trends in the Provision of Human Milk at Hospital Discharge Among Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants.JAMA pediatrics · 2019Article
- Exploring Human Resource Managers' Decision-Making Process for Workplace Breastfeeding-Support Benefits Following the Passage of the Affordable Care Act.Maternal and child health journal · 2019Article
- Beverage Consumption Patterns among Infants and Young Children (0⁻47.9 Months): Data from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study, 2016.Nutrients · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo assess how the 2012 Affordable Care Act (ACA) policy change, which required most private health insurance plans to cover lactation-support services and breastfeeding equipment (without cost-sharing), affected breastfeeding outcomes.
methodsWe used a regression-adjusted difference-in-differences approach with cross-sectional observational data from the US National Immunization Survey from 2008 to 2014 to estimate the effect of the ACA policy change on breastfeeding outcomes, including initiation, duration, and age at first formula feeding. The sample included children aged 19 to 23 months covered by private health insurance or Medicaid.
resultsThe ACA policy change was associated with an increase in breastfeeding duration by 10% (0.57 months; P = .007) and duration of exclusive breastfeeding by 21% (0.74 months; P = .001) among the eligible population. Results indicate no significant effects on breastfeeding initiation and age at first formula feeding.
conclusionsReducing barriers to receiving support services and breastfeeding equipment shows promise as part of a broader effort to encourage breastfeeding, particularly the duration of breastfeeding and the amount of time before formula supplementation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.