Evidence map›Paper›PMID 29266167›Full record

ArticleActa psychiatrica Scandinavica2018

Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity: a population-based study of 40 000 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

B S Solberg, A Halmøy, A Engeland, J Igland, J Haavik, K Klungsøyr

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In one paragraph

Article in Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
67citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

67 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  11. Antecedents and outcomes of a later attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis in females.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2026
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  20. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults: evidence base, uncertainties and controversies.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025
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7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

B S SolbergDepartment of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-0168-1675
A HalmøyDepartment of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
A EngelandDepartment of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
J IglandDepartment of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
J HaavikDepartment of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
K KlungsøyrDepartment of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWe aimed at determining whether gender modified associations between ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities in adults.

methodWe identified adults with ADHD by linking Norwegian national registries and compared them with the remaining adult population (born 1967-1997, ADHD and bipolar during 2004-2015, other psychiatric disorders 2008-2015). Prevalence differences (PDs) and prevalence ratios (PRs) of psychiatric disorders were determined by Poisson regression. Interaction by gender was evaluated on additive (PDs) and multiplicative (PRs) scales. Proportions of psychiatric disorders attributable to ADHD were calculated.

resultsWe identified 40 103 adults with ADHD (44% women) and 1 661 103 adults (49% women) in the remaining population. PDs associated with ADHD were significantly larger in women than in men for anxiety, depression, bipolar and personality disorders, for example depression in women: 24.4 (95% CI, 23.8-24.9) vs. in men: 13.1 (12.8-13.4). PDs were significantly larger in men for schizophrenia and substance use disorder (SUD), for example SUD in men: 23.0 (22.5-23.5) vs. in women: 13.7 (13.3-14.0). Between 5.6 and 16.5% of psychiatric disorders in the population were attributable to ADHD.

conclusionThe association between ADHD and psychiatric comorbidities differed significantly among men and women. Clinicians treating adults with ADHD should be aware of these frequent and gender-specific comorbidities, such that early treatment can be offered.

Indexed as

AdultAnxiety DisordersAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityBipolar DisorderComorbidityCross-Sectional StudiesDepressive DisorderFemaleHumansMaleNorwayPersonality DisordersPrevalenceRegistriesSchizophreniaSex Factorsattention deficit hyperactivity disordercomorbidityepidemiologygenderpsychiatric disorders

Identifiers

PMID29266167
PMCPMC5838558

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.