Trial reportPloS one2017
Parenting style and family type, but not child temperament, are associated with television viewing time in children at two years of age.
Trial report in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 2 to 4 years old.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- The Impact of Modifiable Parenting Factors on the Screen Use of Children Five Years or Younger: A Systematic Review.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2025Pooled it
- [Prolonged television exposure in children and adolescents: health effects and protection strategies].Revista espanola de salud publica · 2024Pooled it
- Measurement of screen time among young children aged 0-6 years: A systematic review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2021Pooled it
- Screen time and autism like behavior: Cross-sectional study from Georgia.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- Early screen media multitasking associated with executive function problems in preschool-age children.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Does early screentime exposure or duration affect M-CHAT-R autism screening tool score?BMC pediatrics · 2025Observational
- Partnering with Young Parents to Improve Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programmes.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Dark Side of Multimedia Devices: Negative Consequences for Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Correlates of screen time in the early years (0-5 years): A systematic review.Preventive medicine reports · 2023Review
- Screen media use in hospitalized children: a prospective observational study.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Observational
- Article
- Screens across the pond: Findings from longitudinal screen time research in the US and UK.Infant behavior & development · 2021Article
- Relationship between Family and Myopia: Based on the Jiangsu School Student Myopia Study.Journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Associations between parenting styles and excessive screen usage in preschool children.Turkish archives of pediatrics · 2021Article
- Screen media exposure in the first 2 years of life and preschool cognitive development: a longitudinal study.Pediatric research · 2020Article
- Association of screen time with long-term stress and temperament in preschoolers: results from the DAGIS study.European journal of pediatrics · 2020Article
- Benefits and damages of the use of touchscreen devices for the development and behavior of children under 5 years old-a systematic review.Psicologia, reflexao e critica : revista semestral do Departamento de Psicologia da UFRGS · 2020Review
- The relationship between smartphone overuse and sleep in younger children: a prospective cohort study.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2020Observational
- Longitudinal Links Between Media Use and Focused Attention Through Toddlerhood: A Cumulative Risk Approach.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesDespite the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommending that electronic media be avoided in children under two years of age, screen use is common in infants and toddlers. The aims of this study were to determine how parenting style, infant temperament, and family type are associated with television viewing in two-year-old children. STUDY
designParticipants were from the Prevention of Overweight in Infancy (POI) randomized controlled trial (n = 802) (Dunedin, New Zealand). Demographic information was collected at baseline (late pregnancy), and television and other screen time assessed by questionnaire at 24 months of age. Parenting style (Parenting Practices Questionnaire), infant temperament (Colorado Childhood Temperament Inventory), and family type (7 categories) were reported by both parents.
resultsData were available for 487 participants (61% of the original participants). Median television viewing was relatively low at 21 minutes per day, or 30 minutes in those watching television (82%). Children who watched television played with mobile phones (12% of children) or iPads/tablets (22% of children) more frequently than children who did not (6% of children). In terms of parenting style, children of more authoritarian mothers (β = 17, 95% CI: 6-27 minutes), more authoritarian partners (β = 14, 95% CI: 2-26 minutes), or more permissive mothers (β = 10, 95% CI: 3-17 minutes) watched significantly more television. No significant relationships were observed between child temperament and time watching television after adjustment for confounding variables. Children from "active" families (as rated by partners) watched 29 minutes less television each day (P = 0.002).
conclusionsParenting style and family type were associated with television viewing time in young children, whereas child temperament was not.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.