ArticleFluids and barriers of the CNS2017
A 3D subject-specific model of the spinal subarachnoid space with anatomically realistic ventral and dorsal spinal cord nerve rootlets.
Article in Fluids and barriers of the CNS, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuraxial homeostasis-guided labor analgesia to reduce neurologic symptom and enhance maternal satisfaction: a randomized clinical trial.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Trial
- Multimodal imaging maps spinal glymphatic transport in health and its disruption after injury.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Mechanistic multiphysics modeling reveals how blood pulsation drives CSF flow, pressure, and brain deformation under physiological and injection conditions.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Patient-specific CFD modeling of CSF flow in Chiari I malformation: denticulate-ligament-induced compartmentalization explains flow patterns.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Article
- Variability in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid: causes and clinical implications for intraventricular drug delivery.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2026Review
- Arterial-related craniospinal physiological compliance assessed by phase-contrast MRI and lumbar infusion test.Brain communications · 2026Article
- A 3D non-human primate digital model for pharmacokinetic prediction of intra-cerebrospinal fluid drug neuraxial dispersion.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- The Effect of Injection Parameters on Drug Distribution for Spinal Anesthesia: A Numerical Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Mixed-dimensional fluid-structure interaction simulations reveal key mechanisms of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the spinal canal.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2025Article
- Computational and biological modeling of IGF1R inhibition for multifocal medulloblastoma.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- An In Vitro Platform for Pharmacokinetic Quantification and Optimization of Cerebrospinal Fluid Filtration and Drug Circulation.Journal of medical devices · 2025Article
- Magnetically Guided Microcatheter for Targeted Injection of Magnetic Particle Swarms.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Article
- Regulation of brain fluid volumes and pressures: basic principles, intracranial hypertension, ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2024Review
- Computational Fluid Dynamics of Cerebrospinal Fluid.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Stationary flow driven by non-sinusoidal time-periodic pressure gradients in wavy-walled channels.Applied mathematical modelling · 2023Article
- Article
- Oscillating viscous flow past a streamwise linear array of circular cylinders.Journal of fluid mechanics · 2023Article
- Gold nanoparticle-enhanced X-ray microtomography of the rodent reveals region-specific cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the brain.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Effect of Normal Breathing on the Movement of CSF in the Spinal Subarachnoid Space.AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe spinal subarachnoid space (SSS) has a complex 3D fluid-filled geometry with multiple levels of anatomic complexity, the most salient features being the spinal cord and dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets. An accurate anthropomorphic representation of these features is needed for development of in vitro and numerical models of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that can be used to inform and optimize CSF-based therapeutics.
methodsA subject-specific 3D model of the SSS was constructed based on high-resolution anatomic MRI. An expert operator completed manual segmentation of the CSF space with detailed consideration of the anatomy. 31 pairs of semi-idealized dorsal and ventral nerve rootlets (NR) were added to the model based on anatomic reference to the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and cadaveric measurements in the literature. Key design criteria for each NR pair included the radicular line, descending angle, number of NR, attachment location along the spinal cord and exit through the dura mater. Model simplification and smoothing was performed to produce a final model with minimum vertices while maintaining minimum error between the original segmentation and final design. Final model geometry and hydrodynamics were characterized in terms of axial distribution of Reynolds number, Womersley number, hydraulic diameter, cross-sectional area and perimeter.
resultsThe final model had a total of 139,901 vertices with a total CSF volume within the SSS of 97.3 cm
conclusionsThis study details an anatomically realistic anthropomorphic 3D model of the SSS based on high-resolution MR imaging of a healthy human adult female. The model is provided for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-SA 4.0) and can be used as a tool for development of in vitro and numerical models of CSF dynamics for design and optimization of intrathecal therapeutics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.