ArticleJournal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR2018
Longitudinal Study of Language and Speech of Twins at 4 and 6 Years: Twinning Effects Decrease, Zygosity Effects Disappear, and Heritability Increases.
Article in Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comprehensive Evaluation of Language, Speech, and Communication Skills in 24- to 36-Month-Old Twins and Singletons: Developmental Differences and Associated Factors.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Longitudinal Study of Language of Twins at Ages 9 and 14 Years: Twinning, Zygosity, and Heritability.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2026Article
- Prevalence and heritability of parental-reported speech and/or language difficulties in a Swedish population-based twin sample.JCPP advances · 2024Article
- Longitudinal Grammaticality Judgments of Tense Marking in Complex Questions in Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment, Ages 5-18 Years.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2023Article
- Innovative Family-Based Genetically Informed Series of Analyses of Whole-Exome Data Supports Likely Inheritance for Grammar in Children with Specific Language Impairment.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Longitudinal Temperament Pathways to ADHD Between Childhood and Adolescence.Research on child and adolescent psychopathology · 2022Article
- Exploring the Genetic and Environmental Etiologies of Phonological Awareness, Morphological Awareness, and Vocabulary Among Chinese-English Bilingual Children: The Moderating Role of Second Language Instruction.Behavior genetics · 2022Article
- The Musical Abilities, Pleiotropy, Language, and Environment (MAPLE) Framework for Understanding Musicality-Language Links Across the Lifespan.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2022Review
- Family-Based Whole-Exome Analysis of Specific Language Impairment (SLI) Identifies Rare Variants inBrain sciences · 2021Article
- Examining Individual Differences in Language Learning: A Neurocognitive Model of Language Aptitude.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2021Article
- Pedigree-Based Gene Mapping Supports Previous Loci and Reveals Novel Suggestive Loci in Specific Language Impairment.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2020Article
- Article
- Causal Pathways for Specific Language Impairment: Lessons From Studies of Twins.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2020Review
- Does the Inclusion of a Genome-Wide Polygenic Score Improve Early Risk Prediction for Later Language and Literacy Delay?Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2020Article
- Heritability of Specific Language Impairment and Nonspecific Language Impairment at Ages 4 and 6 Years Across Phenotypes of Speech, Language, and Nonverbal Cognition.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2020Article
- A genome-wide analysis in consanguineous families reveals new chromosomal loci in specific language impairment (SLI).European journal of human genetics : EJHG · 2019Article
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Sentence Recall and Past Tense Measures for Identifying Children's Language Impairments.Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR · 2019Article
- Paths to language development in at risk children: a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA).BMC pediatrics · 2019Article
- Stage 1 Registered Report: Variation in neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with sex chromosome trisomies: protocol for a test of the double hit hypothesis.Wellcome open research · 2018Article
- Stage 2 Registered Report: Variation in neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with sex chromosome trisomies: testing the double hit hypothesis.Wellcome open research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigates the heritability of language, speech, and nonverbal cognitive development of twins at 4 and 6 years of age. Possible confounding effects of twinning and zygosity, evident at 2 years, were investigated among other possible predictors of outcomes. Method: The population-based twin sample included 627 twin pairs and 1 twin without a co-twin (197 monozygotic and 431 dizygotic), 610 boys and 645 girls, 1,255 children in total. Nine phenotypes from the same comprehensive direct behavioral assessment protocol were investigated at 4 and 6 years of age. Twinning effects were estimated for each phenotype at each age using general linear mixed models using maximum likelihood. Results: Twinning effects decreased from 4 to 6 years; zygosity effects disappeared by 6 years. Heritability increased from 4 to 6 years across all 9 phenotypes, and the heritability estimates were higher than reported previously, in the range of .44-.92 at 6 years. The highest estimate, .92, was for the clinical grammar marker. Conclusions: Across multiple dimensions of speech, language, and nonverbal cognition, heritability estimates are robust. A finiteness marker of grammar shows the highest inherited influences in this early period of children's language acquisition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.