ArticleLandscape and urban planning2018
The relationship between urban forests and income: A meta-analysis.
Article in Landscape and urban planning, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The relationship between urban forests and race: A meta-analysis.Journal of environmental management · 2018Pooled it
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- Increasing Urban Tree Canopy Associated With Reduced Mortality: A Longitudinal Analysis of Chicago Neighborhoods.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Overlooked considerations in prescribing green and blue infrastructure solutions for urban environments.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2026Review
- Formation characteristics and decentralization analysis of post-urban agglomerations from the perspective of spatial reshaping: a case study of the great lakes urban agglomeration.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Land-use history causes differences in park nighttime cooling capacity and forest structure.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2025Article
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- Tree diversity across the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area in relation to climate and social vulnerability.Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America · 2024Article
- Multi-scale analysis of urban forests and socioeconomic patterns in a desert city, Phoenix, Arizona.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Greening the gentrification process: Insights and engagements from practitioners.Environment and planning. E, Nature and space · 2024Article
- Article
- Association of Redlining and Natural Environment with Depressive Symptoms in Women in the Sister Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- COVID-19 infection rate but not severity is associated with availability of greenness in the United States.Landscape and urban planning · 2023Article
- Investigation on urban greenspace in relation to sociodemographic factors and health inequity based on different greenspace metrics in 3 US urban communities.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- Changes in the relationship between Index of Concentration at the Extremes and U.S. urban greenspace: a longitudinal analysis from 2001-2019.Humanities & social sciences communications · 2023Article
- Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Multiple Measures of Blue and Green Spaces in the United States.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Evaluating the use of semi-structured crowdsourced data to quantify inequitable access to urban biodiversity: A case study with eBird.PloS one · 2022Article
- Impact of Changed Use of Greenspace during COVID-19 Pandemic on Depression and Anxiety.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Does greenery experienced indoors and outdoors provide an escape and support mental health during the COVID-19 quarantine?Environmental research · 2021Article
- The tree cover and temperature disparity in US urbanized areas: Quantifying the association with income across 5,723 communities.PloS one · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Urban trees provide substantial public health and public environmental benefits. However, scholarly works suggest that urban trees may be unequally distributed among poor and minority urban communities, meaning that these communities are potentially being deprived of public environmental benefits, a form of environmental injustice. The evidence of this problem is not uniform however, and evidence of inequity varies in size and significance across studies. This variation in results suggests the need for a research synthesis and meta-analysis. We employed a systematic literature search to identify original studies which examined the relationship between urban forest cover and income (n=61) and coded each effect size (n=332). We used meta-analytic techniques to estimate the average (unconditional) relationship between urban forest cover and income and to estimate the impact that methodological choices, measurement, publication characteristics, and study site characteristics had on the magnitude of that relationship. We leveraged variation in study methodology to evaluate the extent to which results were sensitive to methodological choices often debated in the geographic and environmental justice literature but not yet evaluated in environmental amenities research. We found evidence of income-based inequity in urban forest cover (unconditional mean effect size = 0.098; s.e. = .017) that was robust across most measurement and methodological strategies in original studies and results did not differ systematically with study site characteristics. Studies that controlled for spatial autocorrelation, a violation of independent errors, found evidence of substantially less urban forest inequity; future research in this area should test and correct for spatial autocorrelation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.