ArticleScience immunology2017
Microbial antigen encounter during a preweaning interval is critical for tolerance to gut bacteria.
Article in Science immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 162 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
162 citing papers in PubMed, 260 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Combined Prebiotic Galacto-Oligosaccharides andNutrients · 2024Trial
- The putative role of the microbiota in the development of neuropsychiatric disorders following early childhood malnutrition.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota translocation and dissemination in health: can it be beneficial and purposeful?Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Crosstalk between the microbiota and intestinal γδ T cell compartments in health and IBD.Gut microbes · 2026Review
- Diet-Microbiome-Immune Interactions at the Gut Mucosa in Food Allergy: Mechanisms, Gaps, and Therapeutic Implications.Allergy · 2026Review
- Host-microbiome interactions and enteric pathogen infections-from early-life to long-term impacts on gut-brain communication.Journal of applied microbiology · 2026Review
- Porcine intestinal goblet cells: Guardians of mucosal immunity and barrier function.Animal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2026Review
- Article
- Maternal and infant gut microbiome.iMeta · 2026Review
- [Gut microbiota and allergic diseases].Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
- Rotavirus mucosal immunology: insights and research priorities from an international convening in Liverpool, March 2024.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Early-life Gut Microbiota and Allergic Diseases: Immune Regulatory Mechanisms and Intervention Progress.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Early life bacteria and sibling exposure associate with restoration of the infant gut microbiome after cesarean section.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Dietary Antigen Interaction with Intestinal Epithelial Cells.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- Neonatal liver niches program T cell tolerance.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The gut microbiota-inflammageing axis in cardiometabolic health of older adults and dietary intervention strategies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Review
- Context-dependent roles of the gut microbiome in food allergy tolerance versus sensitization.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Early life infection withGut microbes · 2025Article
- Development of intestinal tissue-resident T cells in early-life mice before and after weaning.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Microbial influx during early postnatal life fortifies the ocular surface and guards against allergic eye disease in mice.Communications biology · 2025Article
102 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We have a mutually beneficial relationship with the trillions of microorganisms inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract. However, maintaining this relationship requires recognizing these organisms as affable and restraining inflammatory responses to these organisms when encountered in hostile settings. How and when the immune system develops tolerance to our gut microbial members is not well understood. We identify a specific preweaning interval in which gut microbial antigens are encountered by the immune system to induce antigen-specific tolerance to gut bacteria. For some bacterial taxa, physiologic encounters with the immune system are restricted to this interval, despite abundance of these taxa in the gut lumen at later times outside this interval. Antigen-specific tolerance to gut bacteria induced during this preweaning interval is stable and maintained even if these taxa are encountered later in life in an inflammatory setting. However, inhibiting microbial antigen encounter during this interval or extending these encounters beyond the normal interval results in a failure to induce tolerance and robust antigen-specific effector responses to gut bacteria upon reencounter in an inflammatory setting. Thus, we have identified a defined preweaning interval critical for developing tolerance to gut bacteria and maintaining the mutually beneficial relationship with our gut microbiota.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.