ArticleMolecular therapy. Nucleic acids2017
Size, Shape, and Sequence-Dependent Immunogenicity of RNA Nanoparticles.
Article in Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 118 citations in OpenAlex.
- Conjugation of hydrophobic drugs to motile pRNA 4WJ nanoparticles for spontaneous tumor targeting and undetectable toxicity.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Developing Potent Therapeutics for Liver Cancer Chemoresistance via an RNA Nanotech and Series-Circuit-Christmas-Bulb Mechanism Targeting ABC Transporters.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Self-Assembling RNA Nanostructures are Highly Sensitive to Environmental Conditions.Journal of molecular biology · 2026Article
- RNA-Micelles as Self-Assembling Structures for Efficient Co-Delivery of Synergistic siRNA and Nucleoside Analogues to Treat CRC Lung Metastasis.Advanced functional materials · 2026Article
- Bioresponsive engineered nanoparticles for immunomodulation.BMC medicine · 2025Review
- Synergistic effect of nucleoside modification and ionizable lipid composition on translation and immune responses to mRNA vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Synergistic RNA particles for spontaneous and specific cancer targeting but low toxicity due to motility and deformation.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Article
- Using aptamers for targeted delivery of RNA therapies.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Review
- Leveraging Immunological Properties of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles to Improve Cancer Therapy.RNA nanomed · 2025Article
- RNA aptamer-mediated RNA nanotechnology for potential treatment of cardiopulmonary diseases.Pharmacological research · 2025Review
- RNA Nanotechnology for Codelivering High-Payload Nucleoside Analogs to Cancer with a Synergetic Effect.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Therapeutic applications of RNA nanostructures.RSC advances · 2024Review
- Strategies to reduce the risks of mRNA drug and vaccine toxicity.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- RNA four-way junction (4WJ) for spontaneous cancer-targeting, effective tumor-regression, metastasis suppression, fast renal excretion and undetectable toxicity.Biomaterials · 2024Article
- Article
- Conversion of Chemical Drugs into Targeting Ligands on RNA Nanoparticles and Assessing Payload Stoichiometry for Optimal Biodistribution in Cancer Treatment.RNA nanomed · 2024Article
- RNA nanostructures for targeted drug delivery and imaging.RNA biology · 2024Review
- Tumor targeting and therapeutic assessments of RNA nanoparticles carrying α9-nAChR aptamer and anti-miR-21 in triple-negative breast cancers.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
- Polyvalent Glycan Functionalized Quantum Nanorods as Mechanistic Probes for Shape-Selective Multivalent Lectin-Glycan Recognition.ACS applied nano materials · 2023Article
- Nucleic acid nanostructures forApplied physics reviews · 2023Review
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
RNA molecules have emerged as promising therapeutics. Like all other drugs, the safety profile and immune response are important criteria for drug evaluation. However, the literature on RNA immunogenicity has been controversial. Here, we used the approach of RNA nanotechnology to demonstrate that the immune response of RNA nanoparticles is size, shape, and sequence dependent. RNA triangle, square, pentagon, and tetrahedron with same shape but different sizes, or same size but different shapes were used as models to investigate the immune response. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by these RNA nanoarchitectures were assessed in macrophage-like cells and animals. It was found that RNA polygons without extension at the vertexes were immune inert. However, when single-stranded RNA with a specific sequence was extended from the vertexes of RNA polygons, strong immune responses were detected. These immunostimulations are sequence specific, because some other extended sequences induced little or no immune response. Additionally, larger-size RNA square induced stronger cytokine secretion. 3D RNA tetrahedron showed stronger immunostimulation than planar RNA triangle. These results suggest that the immunogenicity of RNA nanoparticles is tunable to produce either a minimal immune response that can serve as safe therapeutic vectors, or a strong immune response for cancer immunotherapy or vaccine adjuvants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.