ArticleEnvironmental research2018
Geographic and social disparities in exposure to air neurotoxicants at U.S. public schools.
Article in Environmental research, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
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- City of Detroit, Hamtramck, Highland Park, and School of Choice: School Aged Environmental Risk Exposures.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2025Article
- Social disparities in extreme heat days across U.S. public schools.SSM - population health · 2025Article
- Climate Justice Perspectives and Experiences of Nurses and Their Community Partners.Nursing inquiry · 2025Article
- Clustering by chemicals: A novel examination of chemical pollutants and social vulnerability in children and adolescents.Environmental research · 2024Article
- Machine learning-driven identification of air toxic combinations associated with asthma symptoms among elementary school children in Spokane, Washington, USA.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON ACADEMIC PROFICIENCY.Current epidemiology reports · 2024Article
- Environmental Injustice, Tree Canopy Cover, and Academic Proficiency at Utah Public Primary Schools.Environmental justice (Print) · 2024Article
- When Black Health, Intersectionality, and Health Equity Meet a Pandemic.Journal of bioethical inquiry · 2023Article
- Ambient NOEnvironmental science & technology letters · 2023Article
- Adaptation of Screening Tools for Social Determinants of Health in Pregnancy: A Pilot Project.Maternal and child health journal · 2023Article
- Cumulative Neurotoxicological Air Pollution Exposure Is Associated with Lower Reading Improvement and Diminished Benefits of Literacy Interventions for Urban Elementary Students of Color.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2023Article
- Environmental Justice: Where It Has Been, and Where It Might Be Going.Annual review of public health · 2023Review
- Social Inequities in Exposure to Traffic-Related Air and Noise Pollution at Public Schools in Texas.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Fossil fuel is the common denominator between climate change and petrochemical exposures, and effects on women and children's health.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2023Article
- Disparities in Air Pollutants Across Racial, Ethnic, and Poverty Groups at US Public Schools.GeoHealth · 2022Article
- Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration of the Central Nervous System from Air Pollutants: A Scoping Review.Toxics · 2022Article
- National-Scale Assessment of Environmental Justice Trends in Public School Proximity to Industrial Lead Sources.Environmental justice (Print) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Children are especially vulnerable to the health and developmental impacts of environmental hazards and they spend significant portions of their days at school. Yet there are no national-level studies examining school-level environmental inequalities and few have examined disparate exposure to neurological air toxicants, even though chronic exposure to air pollution impacts children's brain functioning. We paired information about the geographic locations and demographics of each public school in the US with air neurotoxicant exposure estimates pertaining to 24 known neurotoxicants included in the US Environmental Protection Agency's National Air Toxics Assessment. Using bivariate and multivariate statistics, we tested for environmental injustices in air neurotoxicant exposure at 84,969 US public schools. Metropolitan New York City (EPA Region 2) is the geographic region most burdened by air neurotoxicant exposures at schools since one-third of all schools in that region are in the top 10% (at "high risk") for ambient neurotoxicant exposure among all schools nationwide. Students attending "high risk" public schools nationwide are significantly more likely to be eligible for free/reduced price meals, and to be Hispanic, black, or Asian/Pacific Islander (API). They are significantly less likely to be white or of another race. In a multivariate generalized estimating equation controlling for school district effects, schools with greater proportions of Hispanic, black, and API students, schools with higher enrollment, and schools located in more urban (vs. rural) counties face greater risks. Schools serving the youngest students (e.g., pre-kindergarten) have greater levels of risk than schools serving older students. Across all analyses, this study shows that racial/ethnic minority children are bearing the brunt of air neurotoxicant exposures at school, which may be unequally impacting their school performance and future potential.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.