ArticleSexually transmitted diseases2018
The Etiology of Male Urethral Discharge in Zimbabwe: Results from the Zimbabwe STI Etiology Study.
Article in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021.MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports · 2021Guideline
- Diagnosing sexually transmitted infections in resource-constrained settings: challenges and ways forward.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2019Pooled it
- Uptake of and factors associated with testing for sexually transmitted infections in community-based settings among youth in Zimbabwe: a mixed-methods study.The Lancet. Child & adolescent health · 2021Trial
- Prevalence of HIV and associated sociobehavioral factors among men with urethral discharge syndrome attending public health facilities in Kampala, Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections among reproductive-age adults in Shantou, China: a retrospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Impact of Gender, Location, and Seasonality on the Prevalence of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Co-infections in Northern Vietnam.Indian journal of microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Prevalence ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Risk factors for curable sexually transmitted infections among youth: findings from the STICH population survey in Zimbabwe.Sexually transmitted infections · 2024Article
- Article
- Genitourinary Symptoms Associated withSultan Qaboos University medical journal · 2022Article
- High burden of untreated syphilis, drug resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and other sexually transmitted infections in men with urethral discharge syndrome in Kampala, Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Retrospective Analysis of Ugandan Men with Urethritis Reveals Mycoplasma genitalium and Associated Macrolide Resistance.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Southern African HIV Clinicians Society 2022 guideline for the management of sexually transmitted infections: Moving towards best practice.Southern African journal of HIV medicine · 2022Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae in a Newly Implemented Surveillance Program in Uganda: Surveillance Report.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2020Article
- Serological Markers for Syphilis Among Persons Presenting With Syndromes Associated With Sexually Transmitted Infections: Results From the Zimbabwe STI Etiology Study.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2019Article
- The Etiology of Vaginal Discharge Syndrome in Zimbabwe: Results from the Zimbabwe STI Etiology Study.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2018Article
- Main etiological agents identified in 170 men with urethritis attended at the Fundação Alfredo da Matta, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.Anais brasileiros de dermatologiaArticle
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSexually transmitted infections (STIs) are managed syndromically in most developing countries. In Zimbabwe, men presenting with urethral discharge are treated with a single intramuscular dose of kanamycin or ceftriaxone in combination with a week's course of oral doxycycline. This study was designed to assess the current etiology of urethral discharge and other STIs to inform current syndromic management regimens.
methodsWe conducted a study among 200 men with urethral discharge presenting at 6 regionally diverse STI clinics in Zimbabwe. Urethral specimens were tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction testing for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. In addition, serologic testing for syphilis and HIV was performed.
resultsAmong the 200 studied men, one or more pathogens were identified in 163 (81.5%) men, including N. gonorrhoeae in 147 (73.5%), C. trachomatis in 45 (22.5%), T. vaginalis in 8 (4.0%), and M. genitalium in 7 (3.5%). Among all men, 121 (60%) had a single infection, 40 (20%) had dual infections, and 2 (1%) had 3 infections. Among the 45 men with C. trachomatis, 36 (80%) were coinfected with N. gonorrhoeae. Overall, 156 (78%) men had either N. gonorrhoeae or C. trachomatis identified. Of 151 men who consented to HIV testing, 43 (28.5%) tested positive. There were no differences in HIV status by study site or by urethral pathogen detected.
conclusionsAmong men presenting at Zimbabwe STI clinics with urethral discharge, N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis are the most commonly associated pathogens. Current syndromic management guidelines seem to be adequate for the treatment for symptomatic men, but future guidelines must be informed by ongoing monitoring of gonococcal resistance.
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